| Year/Date |
Exporter |
Item(s) |
Remarks |
| 1947-1950 |
USSR |
Uranium and monazite mining expertise |
|
| 1950s |
USSR |
Education in nuclear physics |
Ch’oe Hak Kŭn, a future minister of Atomic Energy and Industry, studies in the USSR. |
| 1956-1990s |
USSR |
Education and training |
Over 300 North Korean scientists study nuclear physics in the USSR. |
| January 1958 |
USSR |
Nuclear expertise |
The USSR helps establish the “Atomic Weapons Training Center” in or near Kilchu-kun, North Hamgyŏng Province. |
| 1960s |
USSR |
Hot cells |
|
| 1960s |
USSR |
IRT-2000 Research Reactor |
|
| 1960s-early 1970s |
USSR |
Training in plutonium reprocessing techniques |
|
| 1964 |
USSR |
Nuclear expertise |
USSR assists in the establishment of the Nuclear Research Complex in Yŏngbyŏn-kun. |
| May-June 1965 |
USSR
|
0.1MW critical assembly |
|
| Late 1960s |
USSR |
25 Mev Betatron |
|
| 1968 |
USSR |
0.1MW critical assembly |
|
| Early 1970s |
USSR |
Technical assistance in constructing an isotope processing facility |
|
| 1989-91 |
USSR |
Nuclear expertise and reactor designs |
|
| 1991 |
USSR |
Nuclear expertise |
|
| Early 1990s |
USSR |
Technical assistance in constructing a nuclear cyclotron |
|
| July 1992 |
Russia (and Ukraine) |
Nuclear expertise |
North Korean officials observe nuclear explosions in order to test indigenously produced explosion monitoring equipment. |
| October 1992 |
Russia |
Nuclear expertise
|
Prevented; Over 60 Russian nuclear specialists are stopped at the Sheremetyevo-2 Airport near Moscow before departing to North Korea. |
| 8 December 1992 |
Russia
|
Nuclear expertise |
Prevented; Special Forces arrest 36 “senior weapons scientists” as they attempt to travel to North Korea. |
| Late 1999 |
Russia |
Radioactive material traveling by train |
Prevented; in October 1999, Russian authorities detain several trains because of detected amounts of radiation. The trains regularly traveled from Russia to Nasŏn, North Korea. |
| 2001 |
Russia |
Nuclear expertise (20 Russian nuclear scientists) |
|
Complete citations and further details are available in the missile chronology within this country profile. This table includes all types of reported transactions: complete weapon systems, components and special materials, production technologies and information, training and human resources, etc.
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Updated March 2003 |
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Key Sources:
Agence France Presse; Chelyabinski Rabochij; Christian Science Monitor; Deutsche Presse-Agentur; Chugan Chosun; Donga Ilbo; Hankook Ilbo; Hoguk; Jane’s Defense Weekly; Jane’s Intelligence Review; Jerusalem Post; Joongang Ilbo; KBS Radio; KBS Television; Korea Herald; Korean Central News Agency; Kukmin Ilbo; Kyodo News Service; Kyunghyang Shinmun; Mainichi Daily News; Moscow TV 6; New York Times; Michael J. Mazarr, North Korea and the Bomb; James Clay Motlz and Alexandre Y. Mansourov, editors, The North Korean Nuclear Program: Security, Strategy, and New Perspectives from Russia; Nuclear Engineering International; Nuclear Fuel; Nucleonics Week; Outlook India.com; Chang Chun Ik, Pukhan Haek-Missile Chŏnjaeng; Lee Chae Sŭng, Pukhan’ŭl Umjig’i’nŭn Technocrat; Segye Ilbo; Shindonga; South China Morning Post; Sunday Times; Times (London); TCNC Newsletter; United Press International; Wall Street Journal; Washington Post; Washington Times; Yomiuri Shimbun; Yonhap News Agency.
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