This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here.
Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.
North Korea conducts three or four engine tests for its Taepodong-2 missile at the Hwadae-kun [Musudan-ri] test facility, with the last test being conducted in mid-December 2001. According to a South Korean source, it will take some time for North Korea to conduct a test flight of the Taepodong-2.
—Park Tu Shik and Yu Yong Wŏn, "Mi, Puk Missile Kamshich'ejero," Chosun Ilbo, 6 February 2002, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Kim Min Sŏk, "Pukhan, Changnyŏn Such'arye Missile Shilhŏm," Joongang Ilbo, 6 February 2002, <http://www.joins.com>; "North Korea Working to Improve Missile's Range," Joongang Ilbo, 6 February 2002, <http://english.joins.com>; Joongang Ilbo, 7 February 2002, in "ROK DefMin Report: DPRK Conducts 'Numerous' Missile Tests in 'Past Few years'," FBIS Document ID KPP20020206000145; "Report: N. Korea Preparing New Long-Range Missile Test," World Tribune.com, 7 February 2002, <http://www.worldtribune.com>; Kyodo News Service, 6 February 2002, in "N. Korea Conducts Engine Tests for Long-Range Missile: Report," FBIS Document ID: JPP20020206000070; Kim Kwi Kŭn, "Puk, Changnyŏn Such'arye Missile Engine Shihŏm," Yonhap News Agency, 6 February 2002, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>.
Iran begins serial production of the Shehab-3, which is based on the Nodong. Production reportedly includes "subsystems as well as assembly of the entire missile." According to Israeli and US sources, Iran has the capacity to produce 20 Shehab-3 missiles a year, but continues to have problems in engine development despite "extensive Russian and North Korean assistance." According to Jane's Defence Weekly, Iran acquired 20 Nodong engines in 1999.
—Andrew Koch and Steve Rodan, "Iran Begins Serial Production of Shehab 3," Jane's Defence Weekly, vol. 36, no. 15, 10 October 2001.
The South Korean Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security (IFANS), affiliated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, issues a report that suggests an international consortium similar to the Korean Peninsula Energy Organization will emerge to manage the elimination of the North Korean missile program. The report is entitled "Outlook for International Politics in 2001."
—Yonhap News Agency, 1 January 2001, in "ROK's Yonhap: KEDO-Style Consortium Likely to Emerge as Solution to N.K. Missile," FBIS Document ID KPP20010101000010.
According to the CIA, North Korea "continues procurement of raw materials and components for its ballistic missile programs from various foreign sources, especially through North Korean firms based in China." The CIA believes that North Korea is capable of arming its missiles with chemical warheads, and possibly with some biological agents. North Korea supplied ballistic missile "equipment, technology, and expertise to Iran," and continued its "long-standing relationship with Egypt on ballistic missiles." North Korea received "dual-use missile-related items, raw materials, and/or assistance" from China.
—Central Intelligence Agency, "Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Weapons, 1 January Through 30 June 2001," 30 January 2002, <http://www.cia.gov>; Bill Gertz, "CIA Sees Rise In Terrorist Weapons," Washington Times, 31 January 2002, p. 4; "'Puk Haekkaebal Noryŏk'...CIA Pogosŏ, Changnyŏn'edo Kwallyŏn'gisul Hoektŭkshido," Donga Ilbo, 1 February 2002, <http://www.donga.com>.
The US imposes economic sanctions against North Korea's Ch'anggwang Shinyong Company for selling missile technology. The firm is said to have violated the United States' "Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000," which requires sanctions against firms providing materials or technologies to develop missiles or nuclear weapons. The sanctions are published in the Federal Gazette on 17 January 2001, and effective until 6 April 2002.
—Department of State, "[Public Notice 3539] Imposition of Nonproliferation Measures Against a North Korean Entity, Including Ban on U.S. Government Procurement," Federal Register, vol. 66, no. 11, 17 January 2001, pp. 4050-4051; Bill Gertz, "China, N. Korea Hit With Sanctions," Washington Times, 28 June 2001, p. 1; Charles Lee, "N. Korean [sic] Firm Sanctioned over Missile Exports," United Press International, 30 January 2001; C. W. Lim, "US Imposes Sanctions on North Korean Firm over Iran Missile Exports," Agence France Presse, 30 January 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.
According to a diplomatic source in Seoul, Charles Kartman, US special envoy for the Korean peace process meets Lee Hyŏng Chŏl, North Korean ambassador to the United Nations in New York to discuss the North Korean missile program. The official says that at the meeting, which is the first between North Korea and the new Bush administration, North Korea lays out a proposal with regard to its missile program.
—"U.S., North Discuss Missile Question," Joongang Ilbo, 28 January 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
According to a Russian report, North Korea and Iran "modernize Chinese C-802 cruise missiles with a range of 120km."
—Baku MPA, 9 January 2002, in "Iranian Envoy in Azerbaijan Denies Tehran Has Nuclear Weapons," FBIS Document ID CEP20020109000141; MPA News Agency (Azerbaijan), 9 January 2002, in "Iran Diplomat in Azerbaijan denies Tehran Has Nuclear Weapons," BBC Monitoring International Reports, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.
A South Korean Military source says that North Korea is likely to buy Russian-made S-300 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) by the end of the year.
—"NK Seeking Purchase of Missiles from Russia," Korea Times, 7 February 2001; Kim Kwi Kŭn, "Puk, Rŏje Mugidoip Chŏkkŭk Ch'ujin," Joongang Ilbo, 6 February 2001, <http://www.joins.com>.
A South Korean government official says that North Korea has requested free satellite imagery from Russia for intelligence purposes.
—"N. Korea Asking Russia for Military Satellite Images of Korea," Yonhap News Agency, 7 February 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>; Chu Yong Sŏng, "Puk, Rŏ Wisŏngsajin Musangjegong Yoch'ŏng," Yonhap News Agency, 7 February 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>.
According to the Wolgan Chosun, Kim Jong Il is shot in the side by a bodyguard. According to the report, Pak Song Pong, first vice director of the Munitions Industry Department under the Korean Workers' Party, was also shot and died on 20 February. [Note: Pak's sudden death on 20 February has been confirmed, but the shooting has not.]
—U Chong Chang, "Kim Jong Il, Yŏpkurie Han Pang Maja?" Wolgan Chosun, 1 June 2001, <http://monthly.chosun.com>; U Chong Chang, "Rumor of Attack on Kim Chong Il," Wolgan Chosun (Seoul), 1 June 2001, in FBIS Document ID KPP20010524000099.
Representatives from both North and South Korea attend a meeting in Moscow to discuss Russia's proposed Global Control System (GCS), which is designed to stop missile proliferation. The GCS was first proposed by Russian President Yeltsin in 1999 as a multilateral organization to compete with the MTCR.
—"Nambuk, Mosuk'uba Kukche Missile Hoiui Ch'amsok," Chosun Ilbo, 16 February 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>; Shin Yong Bae, "2 Koreas to Attend Talks in Moscow," Korea Herald, 14 February 2001, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr>.
The North Korean Foreign Ministry issues a statement criticizing the hard-line policies of the Bush administration. A spokesman says North Korea has "made a series of reasonable proposals for substitute satellite launches," and that North Korea might stop missile exports if it receives appropriate compensation in hard currency. The spokesman also said there is no formal agreement between the United States and North Korea to suspend missile flight tests, and that North Korea "will not be bound to our pledge related to the missile issue raised during the previous US administration." North Korea agreed to a flight test moratorium in September 1999, but the spokesman says North Korea "will not indefinitely maintain the moratorium."
—"Spokesman for DPRK Foreign Ministry on New U.S. Administration's Policy Towards DPRK," Korean Central News Agency, 22 February 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "Migukŭi Kŭ Ŏddŏn Taejosŏnjŏngch'aeg'edo Chunbidoeyŏ Itta/Oemusŏngdaebyŏnin," Korean Central News Agency, 21 February 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Yonhap News Agency, 22 February 2001, in "ROK's Yonhap: DPRK FM Warns of Breaking Geneva Accord If US 'Turns Hard Line Against DPRK," FBIS Document ID KPP20010222000004; Kim Tu-hwan, Yonhap News Agency, 22 February 2001, in "DPRK Missile Development Reemerges As Pending Issue," FBIS Document ID KPP20010222000105.
According to US government sources, the Bush administration plans to emphasize a reduction in North Korean conventional forces, including a withdrawal of forward-deployed North Korean troops. Some US officials believe reaching an agreement with North Korea on conventional forces will be relatively easy compared to nuclear and missile issues. The Bush administration is also considering the replacement of one or both light water reactors (LWRs) under the Agreed Framework with conventional power plants as part of its ongoing policy review.
—Kyodo News Service, in "Bush to Seek Cut in N. Korea's Conventional Forces," Japan Economic Newswire, 22 February 2001.
North Korea's Youth Front, published by the Kim Il Sung Youth League, says, "If another war takes place on the Korean Peninsula, all US bases in the south [Korea] and in the areas surrounding the peninsula, including Guam and Okinawa, will be blown sky-high."
—"N.K. Says U.S. Bases in Guam, Okinawa Within Its Range," Korea Herald, 13 March 2001; AFP (Hong Kong), 12 March 2001, in "AFP: DPRK Newspaper Threatens to Blow Up US Base," FBIS Document ID CPP20010312000111.
The CIA issues its semiannual unclassified report to Congress on WMD proliferation. The report says that North Korea has continued to procure materials and components abroad for its ballistic missile program, especially from Chinese firms.
—CIA, "Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions, 1 January Through 30 June 2000," 22 February 2001, <http://www.cia.gov>; Bill Gertz, "China Aids Pakistani, 'Rogue' Missile Programs, CIA Says," Washington Times, 27 February 2001, p. 10.
US intelligence detects the loading of missiles components in the port of Nampo on North Korea's west coast. The destination is unknown, but one US official reportedly said the shipment appears to contain "chemical weapons-related warheads," while another said the components included "fuel tanks and related propulsion gear." However, the shipment is delayed for more than a week because the port is frozen.
—Bill Gertz, "Weapons Sales Concern Seoul, United States," Washington Times, 9 March 2001, <http://www.washingtontimes.com>; Bill Gertz, "North Korea Sends Missile Parts, Technology to Iran," Washington Times, 18 April 2001, <http://www.washingtontimes.com>; Shin Ki Sŏp, "Puk, Ch'oegŭn Missile Pupum Such'ul Shido," Hankook Ilbo, 9 March 2001, <http://hankooki.com>; "N. Korea Ready To Send Missiles to Middle East," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 100, 12 March 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon visits the US Congress and tells an informal group of House and Senate members that Egypt is trying to procure "advanced" Scud missiles from North Korea.
—Eli J. Lake and Richard Sale, "Egypt Buys Missiles from North Korea," United Press International, 18 June 2001.
A high-ranking official in the South Korean government says North Korea has deployed more than 100 Nodong missiles. According to the official, US intelligence has confirmed that 20 of the Nodongs are in underground sites in Yŏngjŏ-dong [Yŏngjŏ-ri], Yanggang Province, which is only 20km from the Chinese border. The official says that North Korea is building two more missile bases for Nodong and Taepodong (Paektusan-1) missiles at Yongnim-kun, Chagang Province and Sangnam-ri, North Hamgyŏng Province. The construction at the Yongnim-kun and Sangnam-ri bases is about 60-80 percent complete.
—Yu Yong Wŏn, "Nodong 1 Ho Missile Puk, 100 Yŏbal Paech'i/Mi, Shimgakhan Uryŏ P'yomyŏng," Chosun Ilbo, 2 March 2001, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Yu Yong Wŏn, "Nodong 1 Ho Ch'ugabaech'i/Hubang Chihagiji 3 Kot Kŏnsŏltŭng Puk Missile Pimilchŭnggang Kyesok," Chosun Ilbo, 2 March 2001, p. 3, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Chosun Ilbo, 2 March 2001, in "ROKG Official Cites US Sources: DPRK Deploys 100 Nodong-1 Missiles Since 1998," FBIS Document ID: KPP20010302000010.
A high-level source in South Korea's Ministry of National Defense denies yesterday's press reports regarding North Korea's missile deployment and engine tests. The source says that it has not been confirmed whether North Korea has deployed 100 Nodong missiles, and that there is no information about engine tests for the Taepodong-2 in 2000.
—Chŏng Ch'ung Shin, "Kukpangbu 'Puk Missile Chŭnggangbaech'i Sashilmu'gŭn," Munhwa Ilbo, 2 March 2001, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.
The Joongang Ilbo reports that the Nodong missile base at Shin'o-ri, Unchŏn-kun, North P'yŏng'an Province has nine launchers and about 40 Nodong missiles.
—Kim Min Sŏk, "Puk Missile Kiji Kyesok Chŭngsŏl," Joongang Ilbo, 6 March 2001, p. 8, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.
According to the South Korean Ministry of National Defense, North Korea has 27 mobile Scud missile launchers and about 500 Scud missiles. According to the ministry, North Korea has deployed Scud-B and Scud-C missiles in the area of Shin'gye-kun, North Hwanghae Province. Furthermore, North Korea is currently excavating underground missile sites, including sites at "Sakkanmol" and "Kŭmch'ŏn-ri," and the construction is nearing completion. [Note: The number of sites under excavation is uncertain. The location of "Sakkanmol" is at Sakkabbong, Koksan-kun, North Hwanghae Province.]
—Kang Ho Shik, "Puk Missile Chŭngga Chŏllyŏk Chŏnjinbaech'i Anp'akk," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 5 March 2001, p. 3, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Kim Min Sŏk, "Puk Scud Missiler Kiji Chŭngsŏl," Joongang Ilbo, 5 March 2001, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Kang Ho Shik, "Puk Scud Missile Kiji Chŭngsŏl," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 5 March 2001, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.
According to Hideshi Takesada, North Korea has exported Nodong missiles and transferred Scud-C technology to Iraq. [Note: This report is unsubstantiated, and could be in error.]
—Hideshi Takesada, "The BMD Issue in Northeast Asia: Strategic Relations and Japan's Option," unpublished conference paper for "Partnership for Peace: Building Long-Term Security Cooperation in Northeast Asia," sponsored by the Nautilus Institute and Fudan University, 4 March 2001, <http://www.nautilus.org>.
Wendy Sherman, former US senior policy coordinator on North Korea under the Clinton Administration, says that trilateral meetings between the United States, Japan, and South Korea have included discussions on Japan's provision of financial compensation to North Korea in case North Korea abandons its missile program; Sherman says the compensation would cover lost export earnings. The issue has been an important agenda item in trilateral meetings, but she says that Japan would decide upon any compensation in bilateral talks with North Korea.
—Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 7 March 2001, in "Japan Payment is 'Big Card' in N. Korea Policy," FBIS Document ID: JPP20010307000122.
Middle East Newsline reports that Egypt is continuing to cooperate with North Korea in the area of missile development. The cooperation reportedly includes the "transfer of missile components, materials and technical expertise" from North Korea to Egypt. The cooperation is said to "go both ways."
—Egypt Continues to Obtain N. Korean Missile Help Washington," Middle East Newsline, 9 March 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
The head of the North Korean delegation for interministerial talks, which are scheduled to begin today in Seoul, calls his counterpart in Seoul to inform him that North Korea will have to postpone the talks. Chŏn Kŭm Chin, the North Korean representative gives no reason for the sudden postponement, but some speculate the reason may be health problems for Chŏn, the recent summit between Kim Dae Jung and George W. Bush, or the perceived US hard-line policy towards North Korea.
—"5th Inter-Korea Ministerial Talks Postponed," Chosun Ilbo, 13 March 2001, <http://www.chosun.com; Lee Young-jong and Lee Soo-jeong, "North Abruptly Calls Off Meeting," Joongang Ilbo, 14 March 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Associated Press, in "North Korea Cancels Talks With South Korea," New York Times, 12 March 2001, <http://www.nytimes.com>.
Middle East Newsline reports that US officials are monitoring North Korea's trade with western countries in the belief that North Korea has reached a bottleneck in the development of its Taepodong-2 missile. North Korea has recently established diplomatic relations with several western countries. The report says US officials will be watching Brazil, which was involved in the Condor program in the mid-1980s.
—"U.S. Monitors N. Korea for Technology Transfer," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 108, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, speaking before the American-Israel Public Affairs Committee, says that Iran has acquired most of its technology from North Korea for its ballistic missiles that are capable of striking Israel.
—Choe Hong Sŏp, "[Israel] 'Pukhan-Chungdong Missile Connection Magara'," Chugan Chosun (Weekly Chosun), no. 1648, 12 April 2001, <http://weekly.chosun.com>.
According to a South Korean source, North Korean Deputy Foreign Minister Ch'oi Su Hŏn reveals during his trip to Sweden that North Korea intends to restart missile talks with the United States. Ch'oi gave no indication of any dates, but said sometime after the United States completes its review of policy towards North Korea.
—"North Intends to Hold Missile Talks with U.S. 'Later'," Joongang Ilbo, 2 May 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Shogo Kawakita, Kyodo News Service, 27 April 2001, in "EU Diplomat Tells Kyodo North Korea Ready to Resume Missile Talks with US," FBIS Document ID JPP20010427000008.
General Thomas Schwartz, Commander-in Chief UN Command and Combined Forces Command and Commander US Forces Korea, testifies before the US Congress that North Korea has been strengthening its military capabilities by deploying more ballistic missiles and conducting intensified training. Schwartz also testifies that North Korea has the world's largest stockpile of multiple rocket launchers (MRLs). Schwartz's testimony surprises South Korean government officials, and the opposition Grand National Party later summons South Korean Defense Minister Kim Dong Shin to testify before the National Assembly on 4 April to explain the difference in views.
—Shim Hae Hoon, "South Korea, USA Disagree over North Korean Threat," Jane' Defence Weekly, 18 April 2001, p. 5; Pamela Hess, "Schwartz: N. Korean Military Threat Growing," United Press International, 27 March 2001.
North Korea ships various components, including rocket motors and missile airframes, by air to Iran. A US reconnaissance satellite spotted the shipment being loaded onto an Iranian Il-76 transport at Sunan (Pyongyang) Airport. One US intelligence official is quoted as saying the shipment was intended for Iran's Shehab-3 program.
—Bill Gertz, "North Korea Sends Missile Parts, Technology to Iran," Washington Times, 18 April 2001, <http://www.washingtontimes.com>; "N. Korea Sends New Missile Shipment to Iran," Middle East Newsline, 18 April 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
Jane's Missiles and Rockets reports that North Korea has been purchasing Russian 9K310/9K38 Igla (SA-16 Gimlet/SA-18 Grouse) heat-seeking man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS). According to Bulgarian sources, the price of a missile and gripstock launcher is $5,000 and the price of additional missiles is $3,700 each. Russia is reportedly selling as many as 3,000 Igla MANPADS to North Korea.
—David C. Isby, "Russia Sells Igla to North Korea and India," Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 1 April 2001.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak denies that Egypt is cooperating with North Korea in the area of ballistic missiles. US officials have accused Egypt of having acquired Scud-C missiles from North Korea, but Mubarak denied it. "We are not dealing with North Korea. Why are you making this propaganda against us? I cannot understand this. Anyway, I'm used to it. Before every visit, I hear so many rumors. But I don't care because I know what I'm doing," Mubarak said. The issue was raised during US Secretary of State Colin Powell's visit to Cairo in late February.
—Janine Zacharia, "Mubarak Sees Hope for Progress under Sharon," Jerusalem Post, 5 April 2001, p.2; "Speech by Egyptian President Mubarak to the Ad Hoc Committee of Arab American and American Jewish Leaders," Federal News Service, 4 April 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.
The South Korean National Assembly summons Defense Minister Kim Dong Shin to explain the difference in views with General Thomas Schwartz, Commander-in Chief UN Command and Combined Forces Command and Commander US Forces Korea. Schwartz testified on 27 March 2001 before the US Congress that North Korea has been strengthening its military capabilities by deploying more ballistic missiles and conducting intensified training. Schwartz also said that North Korea has the world's largest stockpile of multiple rocket launchers. Schwartz's testimony surprised South Korean government officials.
—Shim Hae Hoon, "South Korea, USA Disagree over North Korean Threat," Jane' Defence Weekly, 18 April 2001, p. 5; Pamela Hess, "Schwartz: N. Korean Military Threat Growing," United Press International, 27 March 2001.
Lee Jae Uk, a senior researcher at the Korea Institute of Defense Analysis, releases a report that says North Korea exported up to 540 ballistic missiles to the Middle East between 1985 and 2000. The number includes 490 Scud-B and Scud-C missiles and 50 Nodong missiles that were sold to Libya last year. According to Lee's report, the Scud-B and Scud-C missiles sold for between $2 million and $2.5 million, and the Nodong has been sold for around $7 million. [Note: The first of the Nodong missiles sold to Libya were reportedly delivered in November 2000.]
—Kim Min Sŏk, "North Sold 540 Missiles in Mideast," Joongang Ilbo, 7 April 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; David C. Isby, "North Korea Remains Committed to Missile Proliferation," Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 1 June 2001, p. 5.
Chugan Chosun reports that there are nine North Korean technicians in Libya assisting with its missile development program.
—Choe Hong Sŏp, "'[Israel] Pukhan-Chungdong Missile Connection Magara'," Chugan Chosun, 12 April 2001, <http://www.weekly.chosun.com>.
According to a Chugan Chosun interview with an Israeli government official, Israel believes that Iran is not capable of producing ballistic missiles, such as the Shehab-3, on its own. The official says he is certain there has been close cooperation in the area of missile development between Russia, Iran and North Korea.
—Ch'oe Hong Sŏp, "'[Israel] Pukhan-Chungdong Missile Connection Magara'," Chugan Chosun, 12 April 2001, <http://www.weekly.chosun.com>; Chugan Chosun, 12 April 2001, in "ROK Weekly Interviews Israeli Official on DPRK Missile Exports," FBIS Document KPP20010411000117, 10 April 2001.
US intelligence reportedly discovers that a North Korean missile shipment to Iran is being delayed because of a dispute over a letter of credit between the two countries. The discovery is reported on 27 April, and is said to have occurred within "the last two weeks."
—Bill Gertz and Rowan Scarborough, "Inside the Ring," Washington Times, 27 April 2001, <http://www.washtimes.com>.
The Russian newspaper Vremya Novostey reveals that North Korea has convinced Russia to "renew full-scale bilateral cooperation in the sphere of military technology." Citing "high-ranking sources," the report says that negotiations on this matter began with Vladimir Putin's visit to Pyongyang in July 2000. North Korea is said to have a debt of $3 billion to Russia, and reportedly asked for part of the debt to be cancelled during Putin's visit; however, Russia declined. Instead, the two countries are considering joint usage of the Sŭngni Chemical Plant and the Kim Ch'aek Iron Works. According to this report, North Korea has budgeted $1.45 billion for the military this year, out of a national budget of less than $10 billion.
—Yuriy Golotyuk, "Ot Nashego Stola [From Our Desk]," Vremya Novostey, 17 April 2001, in Integrum Techno, <http://www.integrum.ru>; "N.K.-Russia to Forge Alliance," Joongang Ilbo, 19 April 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
Jerry Humble, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of UN Forces in Korea, while attending a seminar in Texas says that North Korea has increased its stockpile of ballistic missiles to 600, a 25% increase over the past two years. Humble says that 70% of these missiles are deployed near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), up from 65%.
—"USFK Warns on Increase of North Korean Missiles," Chosun Ilbo, 18 April 2001, in FBIS Doc ID: KPP20010418000091; Chu Yong Chung, "Puk, 2 Nyŏn'gan Changgŏrip'o 25% Chŭnggang Chuhan UN Kun Pusaryŏnggwan 'Missile To 600 Yŏgiro'," Chosun Ilbo, 18 April 2001, <http://www.chosun.com.
South Korean Defense Minister Kim Dong Shin tells the National Assembly that North Korea has about 500 Scud missiles and about 40 Nodong missiles. Kim says that Scud missiles are deployed at Shin'gye-kun, North Hwanghae Province, and that Nodong missiles are deployed at Shin'o-ri, Unchŏn-kun, North P'yŏng'an Province.
—Kim Min Sŏk, "Kukpang'wi, Pukhan Kunsaryŏk Nollan," Joongang Ilbo, 24 April 2001, p. 8, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.
A ROK military source states that North Korea received a number of DR-3 REYS unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) from a country in the Middle East that has a military agreement with North Korea. The UAVs were received in the late 1990s and were manufactured in the CIS. The DR-3 REYS is 7.3 meters long and has a wingspan of 3 meters. According to the report, North Korea has been actively developing a UAV, but has yet to deploy any.
—Yu Yong Wŏn, "Puk, Chŏngch'alyong Muinhanggonggi Chungdongsŏ Chegongbada," Chosun Ilbo, 22 April 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>; Yu Yong Won, "NK Acquires Aerial Drone," Chosun Ilbo, 22 April 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>.
A high-level North Korean military delegation led by National Defense Commission Vice Chairman and People's Armed Forces Minister Kim Il Chŏl leaves for Moscow on the 26th. On the 27th, Kim signs an "agreement on cooperation in the field of military technology between the two countries" with Russian Deputy Prime Minister Ilya Clevanov. Another agreement is signed to train North Korean military officers in Russia. According to ITAR-TASS, "Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov believes that 'the topic of cooperation in the field of missile technology was touched on.'" A "high-level South Korean government source" later reveals that Kim Il Chŏl asks Russia to sell SAMs and other high-tech weapons to North Korea.
—"DPRK High-Ranking Military Delegation Leaves for Russia," Korean Central News Agency, 26 April 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "Talks Held between Vice-Chairman of DPRK NDC and Russian Deputy Prime Minister," Korean Central News Agency, 28 April 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Kim Ki Hyun, "P'yang, Moscow Sign Military Pacts," Donga Ilbo, 29 April 2001, <http://english.donga.com>; Kim Ki Hyun, "N. Korean Defense Chief's Visit to Russia," Donga Ilbo, 30 April 2001, <http://english.donga.com>;; Sergei Ostanin, "Russia North Korea Sign Agreement on Military-Technical Cooperation," ITAR-TASS, 28 April 2001, FBIS Document ID: CEP20010428000158; "Russia to Provide $2 Billion for TSR-TKR Railways Project," Joongang Ilbo, 2 August 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Joongang Ilbo, 2 August 2001, in "ROK Daily Says Russia to Provide $200 Million for Railway Linkage," FBIS Document ID KPP20010802000093.
A Russian Defense Ministry Spokesman says Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov and North Korean Minister of the People's Armed Forces Kim Il Chŏl are discussing plans to restore and modernize Soviet-made weapons systems in North Korea. All of North Korea's air defense equipment and up to 95% of its coastal forces equipment were made in the USSR. According to this report, the two ministers discussed a number of issues, but did not discuss the development of North Korean missile technologies at all. It is later revealed that Russia agrees to sell S-300 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and the Pchela-1 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to North Korea. Kim is also said to have expressed "an active interest in the IGLA portable anti-aircraft missile and radar systems." It is later revealed that Kim supposedly conveys a message from Kim Jong Il that North Korea is prepared to pay cash for any weapons purchases.
—Agentstvo Voyennykh Novostey (Moscow), 27 April 2001, in "Russia to Repair North Korea's Soviet-Era Weaponry," FBIS Document ID CEP20010427000272; Interfax News Agency Daily News Bulletin, "Moscow, Pyongyang Sign Agreement on Military Cooperation," 27 April 2001; Chu Sŏng Min, "Pukhan, Russia Sonjapko 'Mugi Kangguk' Paltodum," Sisa Journal, vol. 603, 17 May 2001, <http://www.e-sisa.co.kr>; Kwŏn Kyŏng Pok, "Rŏ, Puk e S-300 Missile P'anmae Chŏnmang," Chosun Ilbo, 2 September 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>; Chosun Ilbo, 17 July 2001, in "DPRK Allegedly Asks for Weapons in Exchange for TransSiberian [sic] Railway Link," FBIS Document ID KPP20010718000009; Park Pyŏng Chin, "Puk Chŏllŏkchŭnggang Pakch'a Paegyŏng," Segye Ilbo, 10 September 2001, p. 5, <http://www.segyetimes.co.kr>; Kim Ki Hyun, "N. Korean Defense Chief's Visit to Russia," Donga Ilbo, 30 April 2001, <http://www.donga.com>; Kim Ki Hyŏn, "Inminmuryŏkpujangŭi Pangnŏ," Donga Ilbo, 30 April 2001, <http://www.donga.com>; Kim Ki Hyun, "P'yang, Moscow Sign Military Pacts," Donga Ilbo, 29 April 2001, <http://www.donga.com>; Kim Ki Hyŏn, "Puk-Rŏ, Kunsahyŏpnyŏkhyŏpchŏng Ch'egyŏl," Donga Ilbo, 29 April 2001, <http://www.donga.com>.
Kim Jong Il tells a European Union delegation that North Korea will extend its missile flight-test moratorium until at least 2003. However, Kim tells visiting Swedish Prime Minister Göran Persson that North Korea will sell missiles if there are buyers.
—"Kim Pledges Missile Test Freeze," Reuters, 3 May 2001; Kim Min Bae, "Puk, Missile Such'ul Kanghaeng P'yomyŏng," Chosun Ilbo, 4 May 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>; Christopher Torchia, "European Envoy: North Korea Views Missile Technology as Trade Item," Associated Press, 4 May 2001; John Leicester, "North Korea Extends Missile Test Moratorium," Chicago Tribune, 3 May 2001, <http://sns.chicagotribune.com>; Doug Struck, "North Korea Extends Missile Test Halt: Says It Will Launch No Missiles Until 2003," Washington Post, 4 May 2001, <http://www.washingtonpost.com>; Donga Ilbo (Seoul), 3 May 2001, in "ROK Daily Sees DPRK Decision To Freeze Missile Launch as Gesture to US," FBIS Document ID KPP20010503000123; Alex Wagner, "D.P.R.K. Extends Missile Pledge As U.S. Readies to Resume Talks," Arms Control Today, June 2001, pp. 21, 25; Kim Hee Sung, "N.K. Chairman Pledges to Maintain Missile Moratorium till Year 2003," Joongang Ilbo, 5 May 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; "Missile Technology Is a Commodity to Be Sold, Says North," Joongang Ilbo, 5 May 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Kim Young Sik, "North Korea Extends Missile Test Moratorium until 2003," Donga Ilbo, 4 May 2001, <http://www.donga.com>; Kim Yŏng Shik, "Pukhan Missile Palsa 2003 Nyŏnkkaji Yuye," Donga Ilbo, 4 May 2001, <http://www.donga.com>; "North Korea Promises to Keep Missile Test Moratorium," Agence France Presse, 3 May 2001; Kim Jin Kook, "Solana Quotes Kim Jong-il: 'Missile Buyers Welcome'," Joongang Ilbo, 4 May 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; "News Review: North Korea Extends Missile Test Moratorium, Holds Firm on Exports," Disarmament Diplomacy, Issue No. 57, May 2001, <http://www.acronym.org.uk>; Doug Struck, "N. Korean Leader to Continue Sale of Missiles," Washington Post, 5 May 2001, <http://www.washingtonpost.com>.
A "senior South Korean government official" says that North Korea is negotiating with Russia to procure Russian "military hardware." North Korea is asking to purchase 700 billion won ($538 million) worth of goods, but North Korea has a debt of about Rb4 billion with Russia. The officials from the North Korean Ministry of the People's Armed Forces left for Russia on 11 May.
—Kim Kwang-tae, "NK Seeks to Purchase Weapons From Russia," Korea Times, 15 May 2001, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr>; Ok Yŏng Dae, "Puk-Rŏ Mugigumae Hyŏpsangjung," Segye Ilbo, 15 May 2001, <http://www.segyetimes.co.kr>.
Assistant Secretary of State James Kelly says that missile talks with North Korea will resume soon, but that the Bush administration will not be as "soft as the Clinton administration."
—Ch'oe Ch'ŏl Ho, "Kelly Miat'aedamdang Ch'agwanbo 'Taebuk Missile Hoedam Kot Chaegae," Taehan Maeil, 24 May 2001, <http://www.kdaily.com>.
Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage and Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz say that bilateral talks between the United States and North Korea will probably resume next month.
—Chu Yong Chung, "Mi 'Pukkwa Naedal Taehwa Chaegae'," Chosun Ilbo, 24 May 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>.
James Kelly, US assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs, tells South Korean Deputy Foreign Minister Lim Sung Jun that talks between the United States and North Korea are likely to resume in June. Kelly makes the remarks in Honolulu during the Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group (TCOG) meeting. Kelly says the North Korean missile program will likely be the first item on the agenda.
—Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 26 May 2001, in "U.S.-North Korea Talks May Resume in June: Yonhap," FBIS Document ID JPP20010526000055.
James Kelly, US representative to the Trilateral Consultation and Oversight Group (TCOG) briefs his South Korean and Japanese counterparts on the US policy review of North Korea. He says, "We are in the final stage in the comprehensive review of US policy toward North Korea." All three delegations agree that consultation and coordinated policy is needed towards several issues, including missiles, WMD, and humanitarian issues.
—"Brief Comments from Three Delegations after TCOG Talks," Joongang Ilbo, 29 May 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
Kim Chŏng Nam, son of North Korea's National Defense Commission Chairman Kim Jog Il, is reportedly seen getting his haircut at the Swiss Hotel in Beijing. There are allegations that he has been involved in North Korea's missile trade.
—Fuji Television (Tokyo), 20 June 2001, in "Japan's Fuji TV report Says Kim Chong-nam Witnessed in Beijing," FBIS Document ID JPP20010621000138.
North Korean Foreign Minister Paek Nam Sun tells Selig Harrison that Pyongyang is reconsidering its missile flight-test moratorium. Harrison quotes Foreign Minister Paek as saying, "As to whether we will maintain the moratorium until 2003, that is yet to be decided. It depends entirely on the policy of the new administration." During a five-day visit to Pyongyang, Harrison also met with General Lee Chan Bok, the North Korean representative at Panmunjom. Harrison quotes General Lee as saying, "Right now our government has not decided that we need nuclear weapons, but everybody is thinking in that direction in view of the hostile attitude of the Bush administration." Harrison says the Bush administration stance is playing into the hands of hard-liners in Pyongyang.
—John Pomfret, "North Korea Said to Warn of New Missile Tests," Washington Post, 4 June 2001, p. A15; John Pomfret, "A North Korean Warning on Missiles: U.S. Scholar Sees Negative Mood in Pyongyang as Bush Hardens Line," International Herald Tribune, 4 June 2001, p. 9; Elisabeth Rosenthal, "North Korea Threatens to Pull Out of Missile Pacts," New York Times, 5 June 2001, <http://www.nytimes.com>; Joe McDonald, "N. Korea Warns of Actions on Missiles," Associated Press Online, 6 June 2001, <http://www.ap.org>.
Iran successfully tests its newly developed "Fateh (Victorious) 110." The Joongang Ilbo reports that the missile was likely developed with North Korean assistance. The missile uses solid fuel, but all of North Korea's ballistic missiles use liquid fuel. If Iran transfers solid-fuel technology to North Korea, it could be used to enhance North Korean missile capability.
—"White House Expresses Worries over Iran's Missile Plan," Joongang Ilbo, 1 June 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Justin Anderson, "Carnegie Analysis: Background on Test of New Iranian Missile, 31 May 2001, <http://www.ceip.org>; "Iran Successfully Test-Fires Domestic Solid-Fuelled Missile," IRNA (Tehran), 31 May 2001, <http://www.irna.com>; "Iran Successfully Test-Fires Domestic Solid-Fuelled Missile," IRNA, 31 May 2001, <http://www.irna.com>; "Iran Test-Fires New Home-Made Guided Missile," Gulf News, 1 June 2001, <>http://www.gulfnews.com>; Doug Richardson, "Iran Tests Solid-Propellant Missile," Jane's Defence Weekly, 1 August 2001, p. 17; Jim Matthews, "Iran Claims Successful Test of First Locally Built Missile," Aerospace Daily, vol. 198, no. 4, 1 June 2001, p. 7.
Russian officials and experts say they believe North Korea has reached a bottleneck and can no longer continue its missile development program without external aid. In a press conference for US journalists, Russian President Vladimir Putin says, "...the limit of modernization has been reached." Russian experts reportedly say the Taepodong-1 (Paektusan-1) and Taepodong-2 missiles are "paper missiles" and have not demonstrated the performance claimed by North Korea. They also believe North Korea will need a new design, and new components and materials, as well as advanced test facilities to produce a missile capable of striking the United States.
—"Russia: N. Korea Unable to Advance in Missile Development," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 248, 26 June 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
The United States and South Korea begin a joint study on confidence-building measures (CBMs) with North Korea to address Pyongyang's ballistic missiles, WMD programs and conventional forces. The joint study team reportedly completes the first part of the study in late February 2002, with 32 items to be proposed for CBMs with North Korea.
—Jong-Heon Lee, "U.S. Moves to Tackle Conventional Weapons," United Press International, 28 February 2002, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; C.W. Lim, "US and South Korea Study Ways to Ease Tensions with North," Agence France Presse, 28 February 2002, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Kim Min-Seok, "U.S. to Join Effort to Limit North's Arms," Joongang Ilbo, 28 March 2002, <http://english.joins.com>; Yu Yong Wŏn, "[Han-Mi] Taebuk Kunsashilloejoch'i Maryŏn...Hotline Tŭng Hyŏpsang," Chosun Ilbo, 27 February 2002, <http://www.chosun.com>; Kim Kwi Kŭn, "[Han-Mi, CBM Kongdong'yŏn'gusŏnggwawa Chŏnmang]," Chosun Ilbo, 27 February 2002, <http://www.chosun.com>; Kim Kwi Kŭn, "Hanmi, Kunsashilloejoch'i Kongcongdaeŭng Hab'ŭi," Chosun Ilbo, 27 February 2002, <http://www.chosun.com>.
The Financial Times reports that US officials are concerned about contacts between North Korean officials and senior figures in the Pakistani nuclear program. There is also evidence that North Koreans have visited a nuclear weapons site in Pakistan. Some speculate that North Korea might obtain nuclear weapons technology in exchange for ballistic missile technology.
—Stephen Fidler and Edward Luce, "US Fears North Korea Could Gain Nuclear Capability Through Pakistan," Financial Times, 1 June 2001, p. 1.
The Tokyo Shimbun reports that Japan's Foreign Ministry has drafted a plan to form a consortium with the United States, South Korea, and the European Union to buy all of North Korea's ballistic missiles. The plan would include the monitoring of North Korea's missile production facilities to ensure transparency. Japan would also insist that any funds transferred to North Korea under the plan be for non-military uses. However, Channel NewsAsia issues a report quoting a Japanese Foreign Ministry official denying there is such a plan. The official says, "There is no concrete plan for the reported framework. We are neither thinking of such a framework nor planning on discussing it with other countries."
—Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 4 June 2001, in "ROK's Yonhap: 'Japan Pushing to Buy All N.K. Missiles': Tokyo Shimbun," FBIS Document ID KPP20010604000027; Vasily Golovnin, "Tokyo Planning to Buy Up North Korean Missiles," ITAR-TASS, 4 June 2001; Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 3 June 2001, in "Japan Eyes Body to Buy Up N. Korean Export Missiles," FBIS Document ID JPP20010603000039; "Japan May Buy North Korean Missiles," Foreign Report, Jane's Information Group Limited, 21 June 2001; "Proposal Raised to Buy N. Korean No-Dong Missiles Tokyo," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 216, 4 June 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>; "Japan Denies Eyeing N. Korean Export Missiles," Channel NewsAsia, 4 June 2001.
US State Department spokesman Richard Boucher warns that bilateral relations with North Korea will be harmed if Pyongyang ends its moratorium on missile flight-tests.
—"Test Ban Is Crucial, U.S. Tells the North," Joongang Ilbo, 5 June 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
North Korean Vice Foreign Minister Ch'oe Su Hŏn and Yang Hyŏng Sŏp, Vice Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, tell visiting Spanish Vice Foreign Minister Miguel Nadal that North Korea will maintain its flight-test moratorium until 2003. This contradicts reports in late May from Selig Harrison that North Korea is reconsidering the moratorium.
—Kim Ji Ho, "N.K. Renews Promise on Missile Moratorium, Spanish Official Says," Korea Herald, 8 June 2001.
The Bush administration announces that its North Korea policy review is complete. The administration says it wants to restart talks with Pyongyang to seek "improved implementation of the Agreed Framework, verifiable constraints on North Korea's missile program, a ban on missile exports, and a less-threatening North Korean conventional military posture." The administration offers incentives, such as "greater humanitarian aid, easing of economic sanctions, and unspecified political steps."
—"Statement by the President," Office of the Press Secretary, 13 June 2001, <http://www.whitehouse.gov>; Alex Wagner, "Bush Outlines Resuming Talks with North Korea," Arms Control Today, July/August 2001, pp. 23, 25; Kyodo News Service, 6 June 2001, in "Bush Wants 'Serious' Talks with N. Korea on Missiles," FBIS Document ID JPP20010606000167.
In Seoul, Spanish Vice Foreign Minister Miquel Nadal says that North Korea intends to maintain its missile flight-test moratorium until 2003. Nadal has recently completed a four-day trip to Pyongyang, where he discussed the moratorium with "many senior officials," Vice Foreign Minister Ch'oe Su Hŏn and Vice President of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly Yang Hyŏng Sŏp.
—Kyodo News Service, "N. Korea to Keep Moratorium on Missile Testing," Japan Economic Newswire, 7 June 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.
Secretary of State Colin Powell says that the Bush administration has expanded the dialogue with North Korea by "putting conventional forces on the agenda and by making it clear to the North Koreans that we want to talk about missiles and missile technology and missile sales and nuclear weapons programs, but we also want to talk about humanitarian issues."
—Alex Wagner, "Bush Outlines Resuming Talks with North Korea," Arms Control Today, July/August 2001, pp. 23, 25.
Jack Pritchard, US special envoy for Korean peace talks, meets with Lee Hyŏng Chŏl, North Korean ambassador to the United Nations in New York. Pritchard explains the outline of the Bush administration's policy towards North Korea and requests a meeting with Kim Gye Gwan, North Korean vice foreign minister. Lee responds that he will reply in one or two weeks after delivering the message to Pyongyang.
—"'A Useful Start,' Comments Washington on U.S.-DPRK Talks," Joongang Ilbo, 14 June 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; "Not Much Enthusiasm from N.K. in resuming Next Dialogue with U.S.," Joongang Ilbo, 15 June 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Kuk Ki Yon, "Mi, Kim Gye Gwan Kwa Hoedam Kongshikcheŭi," Segye Ilbo, 14 June 2001, <http://www.segyetimes.co.kr>; Steve Mufsaon, "North Korea, U.S. to Hold Talks Today on Missiles," Washington Post, 13 June 2001, p. A21; Alex Wagner, "Bush Outlines Resuming Talks with North Korea," Arms Control Today, July/August 2001, pp. 23, 25.
The US imposes economic sanctions against North Korea's Ch'anggwang Shinyong Company for selling missile technology. This marks the first time the Bush administration imposes economic sanctions for weapons-related transfers. The sanctions are announced in the Federal Register.
—Department of State, [Public Notice 3708] Bureau of Nonproliferation; Imposition of Nonproliferation Measures Against a North Korean Entity, Including a Ban on U.S. Government Procurement, Federal Register, vol. 66, no. 123, 26 June 2001, pp. 33988-33989; Bill Gertz, "China, N. Korea Hit With Sanctions," Washington Times, 28 June 2001, p. 1; Associated Press, "U.S. Penalizes China, N. Korea Cos.," New York Times, 28 June 2001, <http://www.nytimes.com>; Reuters, "U.S. Sanctions North Koreans, Chinese Firms," Washington Post, 28 June 2001, p. A14, <http://www.washingtonpost.com>; Reuters, "U.S. Says Chinese and North Korean Firms Aid Iran Weapons Bid," South China Morning Post, 28 June 2001, <http://www.scmp.com>.
South Korean Unification Minister Lim Dong Wŏn says that South Korea has no intention of linking the supply of electricity to North Korea with the issues of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile proliferation.
—Lee Chul Hee, "No Linkage Seen in Aid to North, Nuclear Issue," Joongang Ilbo, 15 June 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Lee Ch'ŏl Hŭi, "Haek-Missile Yŏn'gyeanhko Taebuk Chŏllyŏkchiwŏn," Joongang Ilbo, 14 June 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; "Seoul Opposes Proposal To Link N.K. Energy Aid With Missiles," Korea Herald, 15 June 2001, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr>.
A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman issues a statement in response to the Bush administration's announcement on 6 June 2001 of its intention to resume dialogue with North Korea. The spokesman says that the United States is attempting to "disarm North Korea through negotiations" because the administration has proposed the topics of discussion to include North Korea's nuclear weapons program, missile program, and conventional military forces. North Korea claims there should be no preconditions for resuming the dialogue that has been suspended for four months. Furthermore, the spokesman says North Korea will never discuss its conventional forces as long as US military forces remain in South Korea, and that the first item on the agenda should be "compensation for the loss in electricity due to the delay in construction of the light-water reactors (LWRs) under the Agreed Framework."
—"Spokesman of DPRK Foreign Ministry on Bush's Statement on Resuming Negotiations with DPRK," Korean Central News Agency, 18 June 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Charles Lee, "N. Korea Rejects 'Unfair' Talks with US," United Press International, 21 June 2001; "Pyongyang Sets Agenda for US Talks," South China Morning Post, 19 June 2001, <http://www.scmp.com>; "U.S. Expects North Korea Talks to Continue," South China Morning Post, 19 June 2001, <http://www.scmp.com>; Alex Wagner, "Bush Outlines Resuming Talks with North Korea," Arms Control Today, July/August 2001, pp. 23, 25; John Burton, "N. Korea Frosty about US Talks Plan," Financial Times, 19 June 2001, p. 12; Kim Yŏng Shik, "Puk Chŏllyŏkposang'yogu Anp'akk / KEDO Sŏ Chŏllyŏkchiwŏn Mi Pandaemara," Donga Ilbo, 19 June 2001, p. 3, <http://www.donga.com>; Kim Yong-sik, Donga Ilbo, 18 June 2001, in "Background of DPRK Demand for US Compensation for Power Losses Viewed," FBIS Document ID KPP20010618000122.
Reports say Egypt is planning to purchase 50 Nodong engines. According to reports, there are somewhere between 50 and 300 North Koreans in Egypt assisting with missile development, and the number of North Koreans in both Egypt and Libya is said to have increased over the last two years. The North Koreans are said to be working on increasing the range of Scud missiles in Egypt's inventory. Much of Egypt's missile development is said to be taking place in Libya.
—"Up to 300 N. Koreans in Egypt for Missile Program, World Tribune, 21 June 2001, <http://www.worldtribune.com>; Up to 300 N. Koreans Aid Egypt's Missile Program," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 242, 21 June 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>; Eli J. Lake and Richard Sale, "Egypt Buys Missiles from North Korea," United Press International, 18 June 2001; Mikhail Falkov, "Jerusalem Attacks Cairo Via Washington," Novosti Nedeli (Tel Aviv) 21 June 2001, p. 11, in "Israel Said Using US Channels To Prevent Egypt's North Korean Arms Purchases," FBIS Document ID GMP20010625000058.
NBC News reports that according to anonymous US intelligence sources, the United States believes North Korea has built one or two nuclear bombs, but "there is no evidence it has built missile warheads."
—Robert Windrem, "How Real Is the Rogue Threat?" NBC News, 19 June 2001, <http://www.msnbc.com>.
North Korean television criticizes the United States for unilaterally setting the agenda for bilateral talks. The Bush administration announced on 6 June 2001 bilateral talks should resume, but the administration proposed that conventional weapons should be included on the agenda. The broadcast accused the United States of not implementing the Agreed Framework, and reiterated the North Korean demand for compensation due to the delay in the construction of the two light-water reactors (LWRs).
—Pyongyang Korean Central Television, 20 June 2001, in "DPRK TV Commentary Reiterates Need To Compensate for Electricity Loss," FBIS Document ID KPP20010620000115; Korean Central Broadcasting Station (Pyongyang), 20 June 2001, in "DPRK Daily Decries US 'Preconditions' for DPRK-US Dialogue," FBIS Document ID KPP20010620000090.
South Korean Defense Minister Kim Dong Shin meets with US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld in Washington, D.C. The two agreed on a number of issues, including that the US should maintain a long-term military presence in Korea to ensure regional stability; that the United States and South Korea should strengthen military readiness against North Korea and develop an allied defense posture for the 21st century; that Pyongyang poses a threat with its nuclear and missile programs, and North Korea submit to IAEA inspections. Secretary Rumsfeld also expressed US support for Kim Dae Jung's engagement policy towards North Korea. The two sides also agree that South Korea should take the lead in negotiating conventional arms control issues with North Korea, which seems contradictory to the results of the Bush review of policy towards North Korea announced on 6 June 2001.
—Jefferson Morris, "Rumsfeld, S. Korean Minister Agree On North Korea Policies," Aerospace Daily, 22 June 2001; Kyodo News Service, 22 June 2001, in "U.S., S. Korea Reaffirm Threats from N. Korea," FBIS Document ID JPP20010622000001; Yonhap News Agency, 22 June 2001, in "ROK's Yonhap: S.K. to Take Initiative in Conventional Forces talks with N.K.," FBIS Document ID KPP20010622000004; Kim Kwang-tae, "Seoul Set To Take Up Conventional Weapons Issue After Kim's Return," Korean Times, 25 June 2001, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr>; US Reaffirms Security Commitment to Korea," Korea Times, 23 June 2001, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr>; "[Sasŏl] Han-Mi Kukpangjanggwanhoedam Ihu," Taehan Mail, 23 June 2001, p. 5, <http://www.kdaily.com>; Taehan Mail, 23 June 2001, in "ROK Daily Views Result of ROK-US Defense Ministerial Talks," FBIS Document ID KPP20010622000108; Chin Kyŏng Ho and Pak Ch'an Ku, "Nambuk Chaeraemugihyŏpsang 'Sonswiun Ŭijebut'ŏ Chŏpkŭn'," Taehan Maeil, 23 June 2001, p. 5, <http://www.kdaily.com>; Chin Kyong-ho, Taehan Maeil, 23 June 2001, in "Prospects for N-S Korea Negotiations on Conventional Weapons Reductions Viewed," FBIS Document ID KPP20010622000110, Yu Yong Wŏn, "Hanmikukpang Anbogongjoman Chaehwagin," Chosun Ilbo, 23 June 2001, p. 4, <http://www.chosun.com>; Yu Yong-won, Chosun Ilbo, 23 June 2001, in "ROK Daily Suspects Opinion Difference in ROK-US Defense Ministers' Talks," FBIS Document ID KPP20010622000101.
Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Maher meets with Secretary of State Colin Powell. The Bush administration is concerned about Egypt's missile cooperation with North Korea, which is said to include the purchase of 50 Nodong engines. However, Maher says that Egypt's missile cooperation with North Korea has ended.
—"Cooperation," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 244, 22 June 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
NuclearFuel says that reports in early June 2001 about possible cooperation in the nuclear field between North Korea and Pakistan are erroneous. US Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage was cited as the source of the earlier reports, but a "US nonproliferation official" said last week that the evidence points to cooperation in the area of solid-fuel missiles. Apparently, there is no indication of Pakistan assisting North Korea with uranium enrichment.
—Mark Hibbs, "North Korean-Pakistan Collusion Said Limited to KRL and Missiles," NuclearFuel, vol. 26, no. 13, 25 June 2001, <http://www.mhenergy.com>.
North Korea conducts a static test of rocket engine at the Musudan-ri missile and space launch facility. The engine may be for the Taepodong-2. Jane's Defence Weekly reports that US reconnaissance aircraft detected the test.
—Bill Gertz, "N. Korea Tests Its Missile Engine: Continues Work on Taepodong," Washington Times, 3 July 2001, p. A1; "In Brief: North Korea Missile Engine Test," Jane's Defence Weekly, 25 July 2001, p. 16; Barry Schweid, "North Korean Missile Development Continues," Associated Press, 3 July 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.
In a meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, President Bush says that Kim Jong Il is not trustworthy because "he makes his own people go hungry."
—Kyodo News Service, 1 July 2001, in "Bush Tells Koizumi N. Korea's Kim Is Untrustworthy," FBIS Document ID JPP20010701000021.
The Journal of Electronic Defense reports that Russia has recently decided to sell the Pchela unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to North Korea. The Pchela was first used in 1995 in Chechnya, and formally entered into service in the Russian military in 1997. It cruises at an altitude of 2,750m and at speeds of 105-145km per hour. It is also capable of carrying a variety of reconnaissance payloads for two hours over a 55km range. The decision to sell the UAV to North Korea is likely a result of Defense Minister Kim Il Ch'ŏl's trip to Moscow in April 2001. [Note: These numbers have been converted from English units—confirm if possible.]
—"DPRK Interested in Russian UAVs," The Journal of Electronic Defense, July 2001, p. 20.
In an issue of Han'guksa, a South Korean Defense Ministry magazine published by the Han'gukkunsamunjaeyŏn'guso (Korean Research Institute for Strategy, <http://www.kris.or.kr>) twice a year, General Thomas Schwartz, commander of the UN Command in South Korea, calls North Korea "the major security threat in Northeast Asia." Schwartz also says "their dogged adherence to a 'military first' policy when viewed against the backdrop of a nation on the brink of complete economic and social collapse is problematic." Schwartz says, "North Korea also possesses weapons of mass destruction and continues to develop asymmetric threats."
—Tim Witcher, "North Korea Threat Grows Despite Near Collapse, Says US Commander," Agence France Presse, 12 July 2001; Kim Min Sŏk, "Schwartz 'Pukhan, Sŏn'gunjŏngch'it'as Kyŏngje-Sahoe Wanjŏnbunggoe," Joongang Ilbo, <http://www.joins.com>.
Cho Myŏng Rok, first vice chairman of the National Defense Commission and director of the General Political Department of the Korean People's Army, reportedly visits China for medical treatment. The reason for Cho's treatment is not known. However, a high-ranking North Korean defector said that Cho is known to be a heavy drinker.
—Shim Kyu Sŏk, "DPRK Cho Myong-nok Receiving Medical Treatment in China," 27 July 2001, in "DPRK Cho Myong-nok Reportedly in China for Medical Treatment," FBIS Document ID KPP20010726000126; Shim Kyu Sok, "Pukhan Cho Myŏng Rok, Chungguksŏ Shinbyŏngchiryo Chung," Yonhap News Agency, 26 July 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>; Ch'oe Son Yong, "Puk Kun Kowiganbudŭl Kim Wiwŏnjang Pangnŏ Suhaeng Anhae," Yonhap News Agency, 26 July 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>; Ŏm Nam Sok, "Puk Kim Yong Sun – Cho Myŏng Rok Sukch'ongsol," Yonhap News Agency, 27 July 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>.
A delegation from the Egyptian Defense Ministry spends three days meeting with members of the US House and Senate to discuss Egypt's military needs. The delegation denies US intelligence reports about Egyptian missile cooperation with North Korea.
—"U.S. Acknowledges Concern over Egypt's No-Dong," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 296, 30 July 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
US State Department spokesman Richard Boucher declines to confirm that North Korea conducted a rocket engine test in late June, but says, "We expect North Korea to abide by its moratorium on the launch of long-range missiles." However, Reuters News Agency later reports that "US officials anonymously disclose that North Korea conducted a ground test late last week of engines in its long-range missile."
—Kyodo News Service (Tokyo), 3 July 2001, in "U.S. Expresses Concern on N. Korea Missile Program," FBIS Document JPP20010703000141; Kim Hee Sung, "North Korea's Missile Test: First Step of Imaginary Crisis," Joongang Ilbo, 4 July 2001, <http://www.english.joins.com>; Reuters, "U.S. Official Downplays Rocket Test," Washington Times, 7 July 2001, p. 5; Lee Ch'ŏl Hŭi and Han Ki Hŭng, "Mi 'Puk Missile Engine Shihŏm Uryŏ' ...'PalsaYuye Chunsun' Puke Kyŏnggo," Donga Ilbo, 4 July 2001, <http://www.donga.com>; Lee Ch'ŏl Hŭi and Han Ki Hŭng, "[Puk Missile Engine Shihŏmbaegyŏng] 'Manyang An'gidarinda' Miappak Gesture," Donga Ilbo, 4 July 2001, <http://www.donga.com>; Bill Gertz, "U.S. Warns N. Korea on Missile Tests," Washington Times, 4 July 2001, p. 3.
Syria conducts a flight-test of a Scud-B armed with a chemical warhead during an exercise. The missile flies 300km and is considered successful. It is unclear if the missile was imported from North Korea or if North Korea played in role in the test. Since Syria has purchased Scud missiles from North Korea, this test could be indicative of North Korean warhead capabilities.
—"Syria Tests Scud B with Chemical Warhead," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 274, 13 July 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>; Ze'ev Schiff, "Syrian Scud Fired with Chemical Warhead," Ha'aretz, 13 July 2001, <http://www.haaretz.co.il>.
In an interview with Al Mussawar magazine, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak says Egypt is not interested in having intermediate-range missiles because his country has no hostile intentions towards other countries. Mubarak's denial contradicts US intelligence reports that Egypt is trying to develop a variant of the Nodong ballistic missile.
—"Mubarak Denies No-Dong Missile Program," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 262, 5 July 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
During a State Department briefing session, Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage says, "Recently, we believe they [North Korea] tested a motor engine, a rocket engine. There is nothing in itself wrong with that." Armitage also urged North Korea to resume bilateral talks with the United States.
—"'Nothing Wrong' With North Korean Rocket Motor Tests: Top US Official," Agence France Presse, 6 July 2001; Yonhap News Agency, 6 July 2001, in "ROK's Yonhap: Armitage Urges DPRK to Resume Talks With US," FBIS Document ID KPP20010707000042.
Iranian Defense Ministry Spokesman Keivan Khosravi denies accusations from a US congressman that Iran is trying to extend the range of its ballistic missiles. According to the Tehran Times, another Iranian government official denied the accusation that Iran is seeking help from Russia and North Korea to do so.
—Maryam Karami, "Defense Ministry: Iran Has No Plan to Increase Range of Missiles," 10 July 2001, in "Tehran Times: Defense Ministry Denies Iran Planning to Increase Range of Missiles," FBIS Document ID IA20010710000053.
A Rodong Sinmun commentary says, "The DPRK has never allowed 'verification' and 'inspection' as its national defense industry and military forces are vital to it [sic]. It will neither permit 'verification' and 'inspection' nor accept the demand for the reduction of armed forces in the future, too, but further strengthen them."
—"U.S. Urged to Properly Understand DPRK's Principled Stand Towards U.S. Proposal," Korean Central News Agency, 9 July 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "Migukŭn Uriŭi Wŏnch'ikchŏngnipchangŭl Ddokparo Alaya Handa," Korean Central News Agency, 9 July 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Korean Central News Agency, 9 July 2001, in "DPRK's KCNA: U.S. Urged to Properly Understand DPRK's Principled Stand Towards U.S. Proposal," FBIS Document ID KPP20010709000070; "North Korea Not to Resume Talks with US under Bush's Conditions," Agence France Presse, 9 July 2001; Ch'oe Sŏn Yŏng, "Puk, 'Kŏmjŭg-Sach'al-Muryŏkkamch'uk Suyong Mothae," Joongang Ilbo, 9 July 2001, <http://www.joins.com>.
Korean Central Television in Pyongyang denounces the Bush administration's proposal for renewing bilateral dialogue. The broadcast says that if the United States truly intends to reopen dialogue, "the agenda items should be practical issues about implementing the articles in the DPRK-US Framework Agreement [sic] and the DPRK-US Joint Communiqué as agreed upon."
—Korean Central Television (Pyongyang), 11 July 2001, in "US 'Arrogant' Attitude Toward Dialogue With DPRK Denounced," FBIS Document ID KPP20010711000103; Vladimir Kutakhov, "DPRK Does Not Intend to resume Dialogue on US Terms—Media," ITAR-TASS, 11 July 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.
According to Ha'aretz, a delegation from the Israeli Defense Ministry pays a secret visit to Washington to discuss suspicions that Egypt is acquiring Nodong missiles or technology from North Korea. However, US officials have reportedly discussed this issue with Egyptian officials, and are "satisfied with their explanation." Analysts believe this to mean that Egypt has only concluded an agreement with North Korea to acquire technology to improve its current Scud missile inventory. The issue was reportedly raised several months ago when US intelligence learned that North Korea and Egypt were in the advanced stages of signing an agreement to transfer Nodong technology to Cairo. Egypt claims missile cooperation with North Korea ended in 1996.
—"Egypt Gives U.S. 'Satisfactory Replies' on Missile Deal with North Korea," Ha'aretz, 15 July 2001; Natan Guttman, "Egypt Gives US 'Satisfactory Replies' on Missile Deal with North Korea," Ha'aretz, 15 July 2001, in "Israel – Egypt Gives US 'Satisfactory Replies' on Missile Deal With North Korea," FBIS Document ID GMP20010715000115; Han Ki Hung, "'Puk Nodong Missile Ae Such'ul Ŭihok' Israel Ŏllon Podo," Donga Ilbo, 16 July 2001, <http://www.donga.com>; "Egypt May Have Acquired No Dong Technology," Janes Missiles and Rockets, September 2001, p. 3.
Edward Dong, director of Korean Affairs at the State Department, meets with officials from the North Korean UN office in New York. The two sides discuss the resumption of bilateral talks, but neither side says when talks will resume.
—Yonhap News Agency, 14 July 2001, in "ROK's Yonhap: N.K-U.S. Working Contact Ends without Notable Outcome," FBIS Document ID KPP20010714000002.
Middle East Newsline reports "Israel has acknowledged that Egypt is developing a variant of the North Korean Nodong intermediate-range missile." The report says US concerns over this development has apparently resulted in Egypt suspending its plans to import 50 North Korean missile engines for the "Nodong variant."
—"Israel Doesn't Fear Egypt's No-Dong Missile," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 276, 16 July 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
Vice Marshall Cho Myŏng Rok, First Vice Chairman of the National Defense Commission, enters Hospital 301 in Beijing with kidney disease, and receives a kidney transplant. Cho is later reported to be in critical condition.
—"North Korean Number Two in Critical Condition in Beijing," Agence France Presse, 11 August 2001, in "AFP Cites ROK Newspaper on DPRK Cho Myong-nok Reportedly in 'Critical Condition'," FBIS Document ID: KPP20010811000018; Ch'oe Chae Yong, "Puk Kim Jong Il Ch'ŭkkŭn Cho Myŏng Rok Widok," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 11 August 2001, <http://www.khan.co.kr>; Shim Kyu Sŏk, "Cho Myŏng Rok Che 1 Puwiwŏnjang, 16 Il Pyongyang Kwihwan," Yonhap News Agency, 17 August 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>; Ch'oe Wŏn Ki, "Widoksŏl Pukhan 2 Inja Cho Myŏng Rok P'arisŏ Susul," Joongang Ilbo, 15 October 2001, <http://www.joins.com>.
A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman, in response to the 14 July 2001 missile interceptor test by the United States, says that North Korea must take counter-measures for self-defense, and that North Korea "will have nothing to lose even if all the points agreed upon between the DPRK and the US are scrapped."
—"U.S. Interceptor Missile Test Under Fire," Korean Central News Agency, 20 July 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "Migukŭi Missile Yokyŏkshihŏme Chawijŏktaeŭngjoch'i / Chosŏnoemysŏng Taebyŏnin," Korean Central News Agency, 20 July 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Korean Central News Agency, 20 July 2001, in "DPRK FM on US Interceptor Missile Test, Says DPRK 'Compelled' To Take Action," FBIS Document ID KPP20010720000067; Korean Central Broadcasting Station, 20 July 2001, in "DPRK Radio Reports on DPRK Foreign Minister's Answers to KCNA Reporter on US Missile Interceptor Test," FBIS Document ID KPP20010720000113; "Pyongyang Criticizes Missile-Defense Test," Washington Times, 21 July 2001, <http://www.washtimes.com>; "North Korea Vows Countermeasures in Reply to U.S. Test," South China Morning Post, 20 July 2001, <http://www.scmp.com>.
Kim Jong Il, in response to questions submitted from ITAR-TASS before his trip to Russia, says, "The US propaganda on a 'missile threat' from our country is absolutely groundless. This is sophistry aimed at covering the ambitions of those who seek to establish their global supremacy. No matter how we are advertising 'North Korea threatens the USA' and that is why 'America is worried,' nobody believes it. Moreover, the new US administration, which is spreading rumors about a missile threat from North Korea, began to 'pin a label to our conventional weapons describing them as threats.' This is absurd and a new impudent challenge to us. Our missile program has a purely peacemaking nature and it does not threaten anyone. The implementation of our peace missile program is our sovereign right. The entire world knows that we do not threaten the United States and the United States poses a permanent threat to us, deploying its armed forces on half of our country."
—ITAR-TASS, 26 July 2001, in "ITAR-TASS Interviews North Korean Leader," FBIS Document ID CEP20010726000358; "North Korean Leader Says Missile Program 'Peaceful'," Agence France Presse, 27 July 2001; "Answers Given by Kim Jong Il to Questions Raised by ITAR-TASS," Korean Central News Agency, 27 July 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Korean Central News Agency in "DPRK's KCNA: 'Full Text' of Kim Chong-il Answers to ITAR-TASS Questions," in FBIS Document ID KPP20010727000033; "Kim Dismisses 'Rogue' Status," BBC News, 26 July 2001, <http://news.bbc.co.uk>; Chi Il Ŭ, "Kim Jong Il, 'Rocket Wihyŏp Kŭn'gŏ Ŏptta'," Joongang Ilbo, 27 July 2001, <http://www.joins.com>.
Korea Central Broadcasting reports from Pyongyang that North Korea has already become a "strong and powerful country" (kangsŏngdaeguk) in the areas of the military and political ideology, and now only has to develop a strong economy to become a "strong and powerful country."
—Chŏng Yong Shik, "Pukhan 'Sasang-Kunsabunya'esŏ Imi Kangguk'," Joongang Ilbo, 24 July 2001, <http://www.joins.com>.
Middle East Newsline reports that the United States is blocking Egypt from importing key components, including 50 Nodong missile engines, for its missile program. The issue is said to have been at the top of the agenda when an Egyptian military delegation visited Washington, D.C., last week.
—"Egypt's Missile Program Stuck in Second Phase," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 286, 23 July 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>; "Egypt's Missile Program Slowed by U.S. Opposition," World Tribune.com, 24 July 2001, <http://www.worldtribune.com>.
During a hearing by the U.S. House International relations Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia, Assistant Secretary of State William Burns acknowledges the concern that Egypt is developing a variant of the Nodong ballistic missile. Burns does not deny Egypt's acquisition or development of the Nodong, but instead suggests that the issue be discussed in a classified hearing.
—"U.S. Acknowledges Concern Over Egypt's No-Dong," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 296, 30 July 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
In an interview with the Interfax News Agency, Maksim Pyadushkin, deputy director of the Russian Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, says there are no plans for large-scale Russian deliveries of military hardware to North Korea in the near future. According to Pyadushkin, the total amount of arms trade between the two countries has been less than $10 million over the past few years. Pyadushkin says that North Korea "is barely capable of assigning over $100 million a year to military spending, and the bulk of the sum is spent on its missile program."
—Kseniya Golovanova, et al., Interfax News Agency (Moscow), 30 July 2001, in "Interfax Diplomatic Panorama for 30 Jul 01," FBIS Document ID CEP20010730000203.
Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Alexander Losyukov says that missiles will not be discussed as a special topic during Kim Jong Il's upcoming trip to Moscow, but that the issue may be covered during talks over strategic stability. Losyukov says that Kim's offer last year to suspend its missile program in exchange for satellite launches is still valid even though Kim has not spoken about the offer since. According to Losyukov, North Korea has confirmed to Russia that the offer is still in effect. However, Losyukov says, "We believe that this issue is a matter for US-Korea relations."
—Kseniya Golovanova, et al., Interfax News Agency (Moscow), 30 July 2001, in "Interfax Diplomatic Panorama for 30 Jul 01," FBIS Document ID CEP20010730000203.
A South Korean government official says that North Korea and Russia are close to closing a deal for the sale of weapons, including S-300 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), to North Korea. The two countries are expected to reach an agreement when Kim Jong Il reaches Moscow during his current train trip from Pyongyang. In route, Kim visits the Polyot Plant in Siberia, which is Russia's largest aerospace firm. North Korea sent a military delegation to Moscow in April and May 2001 that revealed North Korea was willing to pay cash for weapons systems. North Korea is reportedly asking for assistance and permission to produce S-300 SAMs, as well as permission to purchase machinery parts for missile and rockets. [Note 1: National Defense Commission Vice Chairman and People's Armed Forces Minister Kim Il Chŏl visited Moscow the last week of April. Apparently, a working group may have stayed in Moscow through May after Kim Il Ch'ŏl's departure; Note 2: Russia's Polyot produced the SS-4, SS-7, and SS-11 ballistic missiles, a number of small launch vehicles, and rocket engines for launch vehicles. Currently, its key activities involve production of various satellites.]
—"N. Korea, Russia Step Closer to Weapons Deal," Korea Times, 29 July 2001, <http://www.koreatimes.co.kr>; Hwang Jang Jin, "Russia, N.K. Make Progress on High-Tech Weapons," Korea Herald, 30 July 2001, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr>; Agence France Presse, "Former Allies May Seal Military Pact," in South China Morning Post, 30 July 2001, <http://www.scmp.com>; "N.K. Chairman to Settle Armament Deal with Russia," Joongang Ilbo, 30 July 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Joongang Ilbo, 30 July 2001, in "ROK Daily Says Kim Chong-il to Settle Arms Deal with Russia," FBIS Document ID KPP20010730000092; James Foley, "DPRK and Russia Revive Friendship," Jane's Intelligence Review, vol. 13, no. 10, 1 October 2001.
Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister Alexander Losyukov says that he does not view the North Korean missile program as a threat to Russia and that the United States should deal with any efforts to terminate the North Korean missile program.
—"Russia Will Address Missile Problem at Summit," Joongang Ilbo, 31 July 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
Kim Jong Il's train stops in the city of Kransnoyarsk, where Kim and his entourage is said to visit the Kransnoyarsk Machine-Building-Building Plant (Krasmash), which is Russia's largest production facility for submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), including the SS-N-20 (RSM-52) Sturgeon. Kim also stops in Omsk, which is considered the "center of Russia's defense manufacturing industry." Reports say that S-300 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and missile and rocket components are on Kim's shopping list to modernize the North Korean military. [Note: The Polyot firm mentioned in the 29 July entry is located in Omsk.]
—"Russia Will Address Missile Problem at Summit," Joongang Ilbo, 31 July 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Shin Yong Bae, "Kim's Omsk Visit Seen as Plan to Modernize Weapons," Korea Herald, 2 August 2001, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr>; Korea Herald, 2 August 2001, in "DPRK Leader's Visit to Omsk Seen as Part of Weapons Modernization," FBIS Document ID KPP20010801000131.
A broadcast in Pyongyang says that North Korea will not resume dialogue with the United States unless the United States drops its stance on "the verification of North Korea's missile and nuclear programs" as part of the discussion agenda. Furthermore, the broadcast says that the US proposal to include conventional weapons in bilateral talks is part of a US effort to "completely disarm" North Korea.
—Kim In Ku, "Puk 'Missile Kŏmjŭng P'ogihaeya Mi-Puk Taehwa Chaegae'," Chosun Ilbo, 1 August 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>.
US government officials and congressional sources say they suspect China has been transferring missile components and technology to Iran, Libya, and Syria though North Korea.
—"N. Korea Serves as Chinese Front for Missiles," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 324, 17 August 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
Senator Joseph Biden, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, meets with President George Bush, and Bush recognizes the problems he created with his remarks during President Kim Dae Jung's visit to Washington in March 2001. Biden says Bush's remarks are unintentional, and that Bush "displayed enthusiasm for reopening talks with Pyongyang."
—Brent Choi, "Mr. Bush recognizes His Mistake—Special Interview with Senator Biden," Joongang Ilbo, 13 August 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; "North Korea Refuses to Talk to U.S.," Arms Control Today, September 2001, p. 40; Shin Ch'I Yŏng and Yun Sŭng Mo, "Biden Misangwŏnoegyowiwŏnjang 'Puk-Mi'daehwa Missile Munjae'e Ch'ojŏm," Donga Ilbo, 13 August 2001, p. 2, <http://www.donga.com>.
According to Middle East Newsline, Iran has reduced the emphasis on long-range ballistic missile development because of delays in the transfer of components and technology from Russia. Instead, Iran's Defense Ministry will focus on short- and medium-range missile development with Chinese and North Korean assistance. According to this report, the Shehab-3, which is based on the Nodong, has been plagued by engine problems.
—Steve Rodan, "Iran Changes Direction in Missile Development," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 302, 2 August 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
Rodong Sinmun reports that North Korea's missile development program is a self-defensive measure for dealing with "US maneuvers to invade and wage war." Korean Central Broadcasting in Pyongyang makes similar statements and adds that the program is North Korea's "sovereign right that nobody can pick on or interfere with."
—"Miguk Ddodŭnun [Missile Wihyŏp] Sŏlŭn Kwebyŏn / Rodong Sinmun," Korean Central News Agency, 2 August 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "Migukmujanggwanŭi Pukchosŏnwihyŏp Palŏn Pinan / Chosŏnchungangt'ongshin Ronp'yŏng," Korean Central News Agency, 2 August 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "KCNA on Sophism of U.S. State Secretary," Korean Central News Agency, 2 August 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "U.S [sic] Rumor About 'Missile Threat' Dismissed," Korean Central News Agency, 2 August 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Lee Yong Sop, "Puk 'Missile Kaebalŭn Chajugwŏn'," Hankook Ilbo, 4 August 2001, p. 2, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Ch'oe Son Yong, "'Missile Kaebalŭn Chajujŏk Kwŏlli' [Chosŏn Chungang T'ongshin]," Joongang Ilbo, 3 August 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; Kim Hee Sung, "'N.K. Missile Program Will Continue' – KCNA," Joongang Ilbo, 3 August 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Lee Jong Heon, "N. Korea Vows to Keep Missiles," United Press International, 3 August 2001; Korean Central Broadcasting (Pyongyang), 2 August 2001, in "DPRK Radio Asserts 'Sovereign Right' in Missile Development; Claims US 'Sophistry'," FBIS Document ID 20010802000064.
Kim Jong Il holds a summit meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Moscow, and repeats that North Korea will abide by its missile flight-test moratorium until at least 2003. In a declaration signed by the two leaders, North Korea claims its missile program is "peaceful in nature and does not pose a threat to any nation respecting North Korea's sovereignty." Putin reportedly tells Kim that Russia would be willing to provide satellite launches as long as Russia is paid for the services.
— Reuters, "North Korea to Stick to Missile Moratorium," New York Times, 4 August 2001, <http://www.nytimes.com>; Michael Wines, "North Korean Leader Vows to Curb Missile Program," New York Times, 5 August 2001, <http://www.nytimes.com; Chŏng Yŏn Shik, "Puk, Missile Munjae'e Russia Chiji Hwakpo," Yonhap News Agency, 5 August 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.net>; "DPRK-Russia Moscow Declaration," Korean Central News Agency, 4 August 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Dave Montgomery, "N. Korea's Kim Visits Russian Space Facilities," Philadelphia Inquirer, 6 August 2001, <http://inq.philly.com>; Interfax (Moscow), 4 August 2001, in "Russia Ready to Help DPRK Launch Satellites if Reimbursed," FBIS Document ID CEP20010804000137; Interfax (Moscow), 4 August 2001, in "Russian Help with North Korean Space Launches Conditional on Payment," FBIS Document ID CEP20010804000140; Xinhua (Beijing), 4 August 2001, in "Xinhua 'Urgent:' DPRK Says To Observe Missile Test Moratorium," FBIS Document ID CPP20010804000069; Korean Central Broadcasting Station (Pyongyang), 4 August 2001, in "DPRK Radio Carries 'Moscow Declaration'," FBIS Document ID KPP20010804000062; Kyodo News Service, 4 August 2001, in "Putin, Kim Call for Adherence to ABM Pact, Sign Accord," FBIS Document ID JPP20010804000057; Kim Pŏm Su, "Kim Jŏng Il Wiwŏnjang Russia Pangmun, Puk-Chung-Rŏ Hyŏpnyŏkch'eje Kuthigi Punsŏk," Chugan Han'guk, 7 August 2001, <http://www.hankooki.com/whan>; James Foley, "DPRK and Russia Revive Friendship," Jane's Intelligence Review, vol. 13, no. 10, 1 October 2001.
Kim Jong Il visits Korolyov Mission-Control Center and the Khrunichev Space Center on the outskirts of Moscow, and then visits a "top-secret" factory that develops space launch vehicles (SLVs) for commercial satellites. Kim is reported to ask the cost of launching a North Korean satellite from Russia. The "Rokot" plant at the Khrunichev Space Center is where the SS-19 ICBM was assembled during the Soviet era, which raises concerns that North Korean missile experts may have accompanied Kim on the tour to learn more about long-range missiles. [Note: Khrunichev is heavily involved in spacecraft and space launch vehicle activities, including production of the Rokot SLV (derived from the SS-19) and the Proton SLV.]
—Dave Montgomery, "N. Korea's Kim Visits Russian Space Facilities," Philadelphia Inquirer, 6 August 2001, <http://inq.philly.com>; Gerard Baker and Andrew Jack, "Kim Jong-il Refuses to Drop Missile Project: North Korean Leader on Russian Trip Says He Will Uphold Test Moratorium," Financial Times (London), 6 August 2001, p. 1; Chu Yong Song, "Chairman Kim Inquires the Cost of Satellite Launch in Russia," Yonhap News Agency, 12 August 2001, in "ROK Article on DPRK Leader Reportedly Expressing Interest in Cost of Satellite Launch," FBIS Document ID: KPP20010812000004; Chu Yong Sŏng, "Kimwiwŏnjang Wisŏngbalsa Piyong Rŏe Munŭi," Yonhap News Agency, 12 August 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>; Chi Il Wu, "Rŏ 'Puk-Rŏ Ujubunya Hyŏmnyŏk Kanŭng'," Joongang Ilbo, 9 August 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; ITAR-TASS, 2 August 2001, in "Russia: DPRK's Kim Jong-il to Arrive in Moscow 3 Aug; Agenda Outlined," FBIS Document ID CEP20010802000321.
A spokesman for the North Korean Foreign Ministry says that North Korea "can never accept the agenda items of the talks unilaterally raised by the US out of its intention to disarm the DPRK and stifle it and will not respond to the talks with the US before it withdraws the items." The statement is similar to several responses that have followed the 6 June 2001 proposal to resume talks with North Korea.
—Korean Central News Agency, "Answers Given by Spokesman for DPRK Foreign Ministry," 8 August 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Kim Ji-ho, "N.K. Again Turns Down U.S.-Proposed Agenda," Korea Herald, 10 August 2001, <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr>.
Chinese President Jiang Zemin tells US Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Joseph Biden that China does not want North Korea to have intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and that Beijing would not provide missile technology to Pyongyang. Biden tells reporters on the 9th that he asked Jiang to end missile-related transfers to Pakistan, Iran, Libya, and North Korea. However, Biden says that Jiang was very emphatic when he stressed that China had nothing to so with North Korea's ICBM development.
—"China Vows Not to Help North Korean Missile Program: Senators," Agence France Presse, 9 August 2001; Lee Jong Hwan, "Jiang Zemin 'Puk Missile Kaebal Pandae'," Donga Ilbo, 10 August 2001, p. 5; Kim Chin, "Chungguk Chang JJŏ Min Chusŏk 'Pukhan Missile Kaebal Wŏnch'i'anhta'," Joongang Ilbo, 10 August 2001, p. 8, <http://www.joins.com>.
Middle East Newsline reports that US government officials have received assurances from Egypt that Cairo is not developing a variant of the Nodong missile. The United States believes that missile cooperation between North Korea and Egypt is continuing, but it is mostly limited to the realm of short-range Scud missiles.
—"State Depart. Believes Egypt Remains Within Missile Limits," Middle East Newsline, Vol 3, no. 312, 9 August 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>; Al-Ahram al-Masa'I (Cairo), 7 August 2001, in "US 'Allegations' about Egyptian-Korean Missile Cooperation 'Rejected'," FBIS Document ID: GMP20010808000028.
Joseph Biden, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, says that North Korea's long-range ballistic missiles instead of conventional weapons should be the focus of US-North Korean dialogue. He says there has been little change in North Korea's conventional military capabilities over the last ten years, and that he does not see North Korea invading South Korea.
—Hŏ Yong Pŏm, "'Mi-Puktaehwa Chaegaedoemyŏn Missile Munjae Ch'ojŏm Toeya' Biden Mioegyowiwŏnjang," Chosun Ilbo, 13 August 2001, p. 2, <http://www.chosun.com>; Shin Ch'I Yŏng and Yun Sŭng Mo, "Biden Misangwŏnoegyowiwŏnjang 'Puk-Mi'daehwa Missile Munjae'e Ch'ojŏm'," Donga Ilbo, 13 August 2001, p. 2, <http://www.donga.com>.
At a press conference in Moscow, US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld says, "By the year 2003, North Korea will have completed the development of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and currently possesses enough plutonium to develop five nuclear warheads." Rumsfeld also says, "I have already presented the view in 1998 that North Korea would establish its ICBM capability within five years. Considering the fact that North Korea has already tested a three-stage long-range missile, the completion of its ICBM development by 2003 is certain."
—"US Department of Defense Says 'North Korea Will Complete Its ICBM Development Within Two Years'," Hankook Ilbo, 15 August 2001, p. 2, in "ROK Daily Reports US SecDef's Remarks to Russian Media on NK Nuclear Capability," FBIS Document ID: KPP20010820000109; Yun Sŭng Yong, "Migukpang 'Puk 2 Nyŏnnae ICBM Kaebal Kkŭtnaelgŏs'," Hankook Ilbo, 14 August 2001, <http://www.korealink.co.kr/hankook.htm>.
First Vice Chairman of the National Defense Commission, Marshall Cho Myŏng Rok, returns from China after having received a kidney transplant at the 301 Hospital in Beijing.
—Shim Kyu Sŏk, "Cho Myŏng Rok Che 1 Puwiwŏnjang, 16 Il Pyongyang Kwihwan," Yonhap News Agency, 17 August 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>.
Deputy CIA Director John E. McLaughlin delivers a speech at the Fourth Annual Space and Missile Defense Conference in Huntsville, Alabama, and addresses the North Korean missile issue. McLaughlin says that North Korea may pose an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) threat to the United States within 15 years, and that the August 1998 failed satellite launch with the Taepodong-1 (Paektusan-1) could have delivered a small biological or chemical warhead to US territory if it had flown an ICBM trajectory. According to McLaughlin, North Korea has transferred the Nodong to Pakistan, and the technology to Iran for its Shehab-3, which is supposedly a "direct descendent of the Nodong." McLaughlin also says that North Korea has received "missile-related items, raw materials, or other help from firms in China," and that Pyongyang is "still selling missile-related equipment, components, materials, and technical expertise to the Middle East, South Asia, and North Africa."
—John E. McLaughlin, "Remarks of the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence John E. McLaughlin at the 4th Annual Space and Missile Defense Conference," 21 August 2001, <http://www.cia.gov/cia/>
public_affairs/speeches/ddci_speech_08232001.html>.
North Korea conducts a missile engine test at a "development facility." According to the Washington Times, US intelligence analysts believe it is a new surface-to-surface missile (SSM), surface-to-air missile (SAM) or anti-ship cruise missile. The airframe is said to be "wider than most of the rockets in the North Korean inventory." The new missile, which was detected by "US reconnaissance equipment," is said to use solid fuel. [Note: The "development facility" is possibly the Musudan-ri test facility.]
—Bill Gertz and Rowan Scarborough, "Inside the Ring," Washington Times, 9 November 2001, p. 9; "U.S. Divided Over N. Korean Missile Sales," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 430, 12 November 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
First Vice Chairman of the National Defense Commission, Marshall Cho Myŏng Rok, is seen greeting Chinese President Jiang Zemin during his arrival at Sunan (Pyongyang) Airport for an official state visit to North Korea. Cho was hospitalized in mid July 2001 at the 301 Hospital in Beijing to receive a kidney transplant.
—"Puk Cho Myŏng Rok P'yŏngyang Kwihwan Hwagin," Segye Ilbo, 3 September 2001, <http://www.segyetimes.co.kr>.
During talks with visiting Chinese President Jiang Zemin, Kim Jong Il reaffirms that North Korea will maintain its flight-test moratorium for its ballistic missiles until at least 2003. The newly appointed Chinese ambassador to South Korea later reveals that Kim Jong Il says "both sides [North and South Korea] must strive to create the conditions for his trip to Seoul by the end of the year."
—"N. Korea Pledges to Continue Missile Test Ban," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 349, 5 September 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>; ITAR-TASS, 4 September 2001, in "North Korean, Chinese Leaders Discuss Missiles-Related Subjects" FBIS Document ID CEP20010904000127; Yu Sang Ch'ŏl and Oh Yŏng Hwan, "Puk Missile Palsayuye Chaehwagin," Joongang Ilbo, 4 September 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; "NK Reaffirms Halt to Missile Tests Until 2003," Joongang Ilbo, 7 September 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; "Kim Jong-Il Renews Pledge to Postpone Missile Testing: Reports," Agence France Presse, 5 September 2001; "N. Korea Pledges to Continue Missile Test Ban," World Tribune.com, 6 September 2001, <http://www.worldtribune.com>; "Kim Jong Il 'Han'guktappang Yŏ'kŏn Chosŏnghaeya'," Donga Ilbo, 12 September 2001, <http://www.donga.com>; "N.K. Chairman Wants 'Right Conditions' for Return Visit," Joongang Ilbo, 13 September 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
According to World Tribune.com, China has "largely taken over the Iranian Shehab-4 project." According to intelligence sources, Russian assistance over the last year has been "significantly reduced" following the implementation of missile technology export controls under President Putin. The decline in Russian assistance has apparently resulted in China's return to the program. The greatest help by the Chinese is said to be simulation testing with supercomputers, which has reduced the need for flight-testing. [Note: Many analysts believe the Shehab-4 is a copy or variant of the Paektusan-1. The Iranian reliance upon Russian and Chinese assistance may indicate that the North Korean Paektusan program has also been dependent upon substantial foreign technical assistance.]
—Steve Rodan, "China Comes to the Rescue of Iran's Long-Range Missile Program," World Tribune.com, 6 September 2001, <http://www.worldtribune.com>; Iranian Student News Agency, 7 September 2001, in "Iran: ISNA Says Iran Continues Attempts to Manufacture of (sic) Shehab-4 Missile," FBIS Document ID IAP20010907000019.
The CIA releases its "Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions, 1 July Through 31 December 2000." The report says that North Korea obtained raw materials and components for ballistic missiles from "various foreign sources, especially through North Korean firms based in China." Chinese firms are also said to have provided "dual-use missile-related items, raw materials, and/or assistance to North Korea." As a supplier, North Korea is said to have provided "significant ballistic missile-related equipment, components, materials, and technical expertise to countries in the Middle East, South Asia, and North Africa." North Korea is said to have "maintained a missile relationship" with Egypt, and provided assistance and equipment for Syria's liquid-propellant missile program. North Korea is also reportedly a supplier of "missile-related equipment, materials, technology, and expertise to Libya and Iran."
—"Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions, 1 July Through 31 December 2000," CIA, 7 September 2001, <http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/bian/bian_sep_2001.htm#5>; "Russia, N. Korea, China Give Iran Missile Aid-CIA," Joongang Ilbo, 11 September 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Bill Gertz, "CIA Uncovers Missile moves by China," Washington Times, 8 September 2001, <http://www.washtimes.com>; "CIA Says Iran Got New Missile Aid," Washington Post, 8 September 2001, p. 9.
The Asahi Shimbun reports that the most recent addition of a North Korean encyclopedia (Chosŏntaebaekkwasajŏn) published in Pyongyang refers to the rocket launched from the Musudan-ri launch facility in North Hamgyŏng Province on 31 August 1998 as the "Paektusan-1." The reference is from the 12th volume of an encyclopedia that was first published in 1995. There are now 23 volumes of what is expected to eventually be a 30-volume set. The encyclopedia entry reportedly says the Paektusan-1 was launched at 12:07 p.m. on 31 August 1998 at 86 degrees from the Musudan-ri launch facility, and successfully delivered the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1, North Korea's first artificial satellite, into earth orbit. The encyclopedia also says the launch vehicle had three stages, with the first and second stages using liquid fuel, while the third stage used solid fuel.
—"'Taepodong' Kitachosenwa 'Hakutozan 1 Go' To Meimei," Asahi Shimbun, 7 September 2001, <http://www.asahi.com>; Mun Il, "Taepodong Missile Chŏngshikmyŏngch'ing 'Paektusan 1 Ho Rocket'," Kukmin Ilbo, 7 September 2001, p. 8, <>http://www.kukminilbo.co.kr>; Shim Kyu Sŏn, "Pukhan Taepodong Missile 'Paektusan 1 Ho' Kongshik Myŏngmyŏng," Donga Ilbo, 7 September 2001, <http://www.donga.com>; Shim Kyu Sŏn, "North Korea's Taepo Dong Missile Officially Named Paektusan No. 1," Donga Ilbo, 7 September 2001, in "DPRK's Taepo Dong Missile Named Paektusan No. 1," FBIS Document ID KPP20010910000089.
In documents submitted to a National Assembly hearing, the South Korean Ministry of National Defense reveals that since 1991, North Korea has imported $343.3 million worth of weapons. Imports have included navigation equipment, which could possibly be of the type used in ballistic missile guidance. During the same period, North Korea exported missiles, missile parts, and missile launchers.
| Year |
North Korean Arms Imports |
| 1991 |
$22 million |
| 1992 |
$54 million |
| 1993 |
$2 million |
| 1994 |
$4.6 million |
| 1995 |
$6.7 million |
| 1996 |
$11 million |
| 1997 |
$23 million |
| 1998 |
$50 million |
| 1999 |
$70 million |
| 2000 |
$100 million |
—Kim Kwi Kŭn, "Puk, 91 Nyŏnihu 3 Ŏk 4 Ch'ŏnman Dollar Mugisuip," Joongang Ilbo, 10 September 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; "Puk, 91 Nyŏnihu 3 Ŏk 4000 Man Dollar Mugisuip," Chosun Ilbo, 9 September 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>; Yu Yong Wŏn, "NK Arms Imports and Exports Increasing," Chosun Ilbo, 9 September 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>; Chosun Ilbo, 9 September 2001, in "ROK Ministry: DPRK Arms Trade Increasing," FBIS Document ID KPP20010909000043; "North Made Armament Purchase Worth $340 Million for Past Decade," Joongang Ilbo, 10 September 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Lee Soo Jeong, "South Korea: North Korea Spending More to Modernize Its Outdated Military," Associated Press, 10 September 2001.
A South Korean government official says that North Korean and Russia are currently discussing the details of proposed weapons sales, and that North Korea would like to purchase 10 weapons systems, including MIG-29 and SU-27 fighter aircraft, S-300 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), T-80 and T-90 tanks, and MI-24 helicopters. The official says he expects North Korea to deploy some of the weapons by next year. Reports say that North Korea's military modernization had been at a standstill since 1988 because of economic difficulties.
—Pak Pyŏng Chin, "Hanbando Ddaeanin Kunbikyŏngjaeng Param," Segye Ilbo, 10 September 2001, p. 1, <http://www.segyetimes.co.kr>; Pak Pyŏng Chin, "Puk Chŏllŏkchŭnggang Pakch'a Paekyŏng," Segye Ilbo, 10 September 2001, p. 5, <http://www.segyetimes.co.kr>.
A North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman says that Japan's flight-test of the H-2A space launch vehicle (SLV) on 29 August 2001 "compels the DPRK to reconsider its moratorium on satellite launches." The report says the H-2A can easily be converted into an ICBM, and that North Korea is the number one target of Japan's hostile policy.
—"DPRK Foreign Ministry Spokesman on Japan's Rocket Test-Fire," Korean Central News Agency, 10 September 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "[H-2A] Palsa [Wisŏngbalsajungjiripchangŭl Koryŏhae Poji Anhŭlsu Ŏpsta] / Chosŏnoemusŏngdaebyŏnin," Korean Central News Agency, 10 September 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "North Korea Threatens to End Missile Moratorium," Agence France Presse, 11 September 2001; "N. K. Foreign Ministry Issues Warnings on Japan's Missile Test," Joongang Ilbo, 11 September 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
Jack Pritchard, US special envoy for Korean peace talks, says that bilateral talks between the US and North Korea should resume soon. While visiting Seoul for meetings with South Korean officials, Pritchard says that we should expect talks to begin soon now that Kim Jong Il has had recent summit meetings with Vladimir Putin and Jiang Zemin. Pritchard is in Seoul after participating in the Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group (TCOG) meeting in Tokyo on 6 September.
—Hŏ Yŏng Pŏm, "Mi-Puk Taehwa Kot Shijak," Chosun Ilbo, 10 September 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>.
Korean Central Broadcasting in Pyongyang says that the Bush administration must learn from the Clinton administration's North Korea policy, and abandon its policy of "crushing (suffocating) North Korea to death."
—Ch'oi Sŏn Yŏng, "'Mi, Clinton Chŏngbu Taebukchŏngch'aeksŏ Kyohun Ch'ajaya' [Puk Pangsong]," Joongang Ilbo, 11 September 2001, <http://www.joins.com>.
Korean Central Television says that North Korea's missile program is for peaceful purposes, but that Japan's H-2A space launch vehicle (SLV) is "very dangerous and aimed at an invasion of North Korea." Furthermore, the broadcast says that the H-2A is simply a "transport rocket" and that it can carry nuclear, chemical, and biological payloads.
—Han Dong Ch'ŏl," Puk, Il Shinhyŏng Rocket Palsa Pinan," Yonhap News Agency, 14 September 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>.
The North Korean media quote a CNN interview with Donald Gregg, president of the Korea Society and former ambassador to South Korea, in which Gregg said the "missile threat from North Korea is an exaggerated story and North Korea should no longer be called a rogue state." Gregg is a longtime friend of former President George Bush.
—"U.S. Urged to Drop Its Reckless Policy Towards DPRK," Korean Central News Agency, 15 September 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "Tŏ Isang T'onghalsu Ŏpnŭn Migukŭi Kŏjisrolli / Minjuchosŏn," Korean Central News Agency, 15 September 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>.
The Rodong Sinmun reports that North Korea will not produce missiles if the United States "withdraws its nuclear weapons and missiles from the region, and stops threatening North Korea." The commentary also says that North Korea is desperate for "every gram of steel" and that its missile program is only for self-defense. The commentary emphasizes that North Korea's missile program is peaceful in nature and that the country produces missiles for self-defense, and would not "trouble itself to develop missiles if the US did not pose a military threat to North Korea."
—"North Korea Hints Conditional Suspension of Missile Production," Joongang Ilbo, 17 September 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Shim Kyu Sŏk, "Puk, Chogŏnbu Missile Chejo Chungdan Shisa," Joongang Ilbo, 17 September 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; "U.S. Urged to Drop Its Hard-line Policy Towards DPRK," Korean Central News Agency, 17 September 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "[Missile Wihyŏp] ŭl Kŏlgo Bŏllinŭn Migukŭi Apnyŏksodongŭl Kyut'an / Rodong Sinmun," Korean Central News Agency, 17 September 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jpa>>; Korean Central Broadcasting Station (Pyongyang), 17 September 2001, in "DPRK's Nodong Sinmun: US 'Military Threats' Necessitates [sic] Missile Production," FBIS Document ID KPP20010917000071; Sim Kyu-sok, "Background of North Korea's Indication to 'Conditionally Suspend Missile Program'," Yonhap News Agency, 17 September 2001, in "ROK Article on DPRK's Indication of Suspending Missile Program," FBIS Document ID KPP20010917000104; Shim Kyu Sŏk, "Puk 'Chogŏnbu Missile Chejo Chungdan' Shisa Paegyŏng," Yonhap News Agency, 17 September 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>; "North Korea Ready to Abandon Missile Development: State Media," Agence France Presse, 17 September 2001; Shim Kyu Sŏk, "Puk Missile Chejo Chungdan Shisa Pae'gyŏng," Yonhap News Agency, 12 October 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>.
In a meeting with South Korean Foreign Minister Han Sŭng Su in Washington, D.C., Secretary of State Colin Powell says the United States supports President Kim Dae Jung's "sunshine policy," and asks North Korea to renew dialogue with the United States. Powell says there are no conditions for reestablishing bilateral talks.
—Kim Sŏng Su, "Powell Puk-Midaehwa Chaegae Ch'okku," Joongang Ilbo, 19 September 2001, <http://www.joins.com>.
The Rodong Sinmun criticizes "loud-mouthed Japanese reactionaries" following Japan's test-launch of the H-2A last month. The commentary says this "compels North Korea to reconsider its stand whereby it declared a moratorium on its satellite launches." The daily also said the North Korean missile program is peaceful in nature, but "is not merciful to those who dare infringe upon its dignity and sovereignty."
—DPRK Compelled to Take Counter-Action Against Japan's Moves," Korean Central News Agency, 18 September 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "Ilbonŭi Tokchajŏgin Missile Pangwich'egyech'angsŏle Taeŭngjoch'i / Rodong Sinmun," Korean Central News Agency, 18 September 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;; Han Tong Ch'ŏl, "Puk, 'Il Rocket Palsa Tongbuga P'yŏnghwa Wihyŏp'," Yonhap News Agency, 18 September 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>.
The MTCR holds its 16th plenary meeting in Ottawa, Canada. The South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade later reveals that a proposal is drafted to "grant international assistance to countries that abandon their ballistic missile programs." The officials says, "The new code of conduct would be officially adopted within the late half of next year after undergoing a negotiation process with non-member nations." [Note: The reference is to an MTCR-sponsored initiative known as the International Code of Conduct, or ICOC.]
—"MTCR to Provide Assistance When Giving Up Weapons Program," Joongang Ilbo, 5 October 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Joongang Ilbo, 5 October 2001, in "Missile Technology Control Regime To Assist Countries Ending Missile Development," FBIS Document ID KPP20011005000111.
Korean Central Television criticizes the recent CIA unclassified report to the US Congress that named North Korea as an exporter of missiles and missile components to the Middle East. The broadcast calls the report a "shameless sophistry designed to promote the deployment of a missile defense system, as well as the production and sales of weapons of mass destruction by the US."
—Chŏng Yŏn Shik, "Puk, Mugisuch'ul Chijŏk Mi CIA Pogosŏ Pinan," Yonhap News Agency, 21 September 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>; Kim Yŏng Sŏk, "Puk, Missile Kisulsuch'ul Mijijŏk 'P'aryŏmch'ihan sori' Kangnŏk Pinan," Kukmin Ilbo, 22 September 2001, p. 2, <http://www.kukminilbo.co.kr>; "North Korea Denies Exporting Missiles," Washington Times, 23 September 2001, p. 11; Korean Central Broadcasting Station (Pyongyang), 21 September 2001, in "Program Summary—P'yongyang KCBS Korean 1220 GMT 21 Sep 01," FBIS Document ID KPP20010921000083.
North Korea's ambassador to Iran meets with Iranian Cooperative Minister Ali Sofi to discuss bilateral cooperation. Minister Sofi says an Iranian-North Korean joint economic commission would renew its activities, but he gives no details on the type of cooperation North Korea is seeking.
—"Iran Plans Strategic Upgrade with N. Korea, Russia," Middle East Newsline, 1 October 2001, <http://menewsline.com>; Middle East Newsline, 1 October 2001, in "Iran reportedly Planning Strategic Weapons Upgrade with Russia, N. Korea," FBIS Document ID GMP20011001000106.
Cho Myŏng Rok, first vice chairman of North Korea's National Defense Commission, is hospitalized and undergoes surgery in a Paris hospital for kidney disease. Cho reportedly received a kidney transplant at a hospital in Beijing in July 2001.
—Brent Choi, "N.K. Vice-Chairman Jo Again Hospitalized in Paris," Joongang Ilbo, 15 October 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
Pyongyang Broadcasting says Japan's test launch of the H-2A space launch vehicle (SLV) is a "dangerous step in the militarization of Japan." The report also says that "the US and Japan should not miscalculate North Korea's peaceful stance of suspending its satellite launches."
—Kim Tu Hwan, "Puk, 'Missile Palsayuye Nayaksŏng'ŭro Opanmara'," Yonhap News Agency, 4 October 2001, <http://www.yonhap.co.kr>; Yonhap News Agency, "Puk, 'Missile Palsayuye Nayaksŏng'ŭro Opanmara'," Chosun Ilbo, 7 October 2001, <http://www.chosun.com>.
The South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT) reveals that the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) intends to provide international assistance to countries that abandon their ballistic missile and/or space programs. The draft proposal is a result of the MTCR's 16th plenary meeting held in Ottawa, Canada 20-28 September 2001. According to the MOFAT, "the new code of conduct would be officially adopted within the second half of 2002 after negotiations with non-member countries."
—"MTCR to Provide Assistance When Giving up Weapons Program," Joongang Ilbo, 7 October 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Joongang Ilbo, 5 October 2001, in "Missile Technology Control regime to Assist Countries Ending Missile Development," FBIS Document ID KPP20011005000111.
In a press briefing, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld says, "...as you've known from photographs you've seen of North Korea, it is perfectly possible to dig into the side of a mountain and put a large ballistic missile there and erect it and fire it out of the mountain from an underground post."
—Donald H. Rumsfeld, "United States Department of Defense News Transcript: Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability with Secretary White," United States Department of Defense, 11 October 2001, <http://www.defenselink.mil/news/
Oct2001/t10112001_t1011sda.html>; "N. Korea Tunnel Technology Is Hot Item for Mideast Rogue States," World Tribune.com, 16 October 2001, <http://www.worldtribune.com>.
Pyongyang Broadcasting repeats an offer from 17 September 2001 that North Korea will abandon the development of missiles if the United States does not threaten North Korea militarily. The broadcast also repeats remarks from Donald Gregg, former US ambassador to South Korea, who claimed in a recent CNN interview that the missile threat from North Korea is exaggerated, and that the United States should no longer refer to North Korea as a "rogue state."
—Shim Kyu Sŏk, "Puk Missile Chejo Chungdan Shisa Pae'gyŏng," Yonhap News Agency, 12 October 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>; Chŏng Sang Yong, "Puk, 'Missile Kaebalŭn Miŭi Panpuk Apsalch'aektong Ddaemun'," Yonhap News Agency, 12 October 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>; Pyongyang Broadcasting Station, 12 October 2001, in "DPRK Reiterates Its Stance on Missile Development," FBIS Document ID KPP20011012000054.
In an interview at the White House with Asian journalists before departing to attend the APEC summit in Shanghai, President Bush warns North Korea "not to think that because we happen to be engaged in Afghanistan we will not be prepared and ready to fulfill our end of our agreement with the South Korean government." Bush also says that he would like to renew dialogue with North Korea but that, "I must tell you that I've been disappointed in Kim Jong Il not rising to the occasion, being so suspicious, so secretive."
—Kim Hee-sung, "Bush Gives Out Strong Warning to North Korea," Joongang Ilbo, 18 October 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; "Bush Interview With Yonhap News Agency in White House, "Joongang Ilbo, 18 October 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; "[Editorials] Pyeongyang Gets Another Chance," Joongang Ilbo, 18 October 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Joongang Ilbo, 18 October 2001, in "DPRK Urged To Consider Bush's Warning," FBIS Document ID KPP20011018000110; Yonhap News Agency, 18 October 2001, in "ROK Daily Analyzes US President's Interview With Yonhap News Agency," FBIS Document ID KPP20011018000013.
During a news conference in Shanghai, President Bush says his administration would like to begin a dialogue with the government of North Korea, and that he supports South Korea's sunshine policy. Bush is in China to attend the APEC forum meeting.
—Associated Press, "Bush Seeks Meeting With N. Korea LeaderAP," Joongang Ilbo, 20 October 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
The Rodong Sinmun criticizes the United States for deploying aircraft from the USS Kitty Hawk to South Korean airbases. The aircraft carrier is usually based in Yokosuka, Japan, but it was deployed to the Indian Ocean in support of military operations in Afghanistan against the Taliban and Al-Qaida network. The commentary says the deployment "complicates the situation" and "compels the DPRK to increase its military power with heightened vigilance."
—"U.S. Arms Buildup in S. Korea Condemned," Korean Central News Agency, 21 October 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "Namjosŏnesŏŭi Migunjŏllyŏkkanghwarŭl Ŏmjungshi, Ch'ongdaerŭl Dŏukkanghwahalgŏshida / Rodongshinmun," Korean Central News Agency, 21 October 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Associated Press in "North Korea Calls for Military Alert," Joongang Ilbo, 23 October 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Nam Kwang Shik, "Puk, Namhannae Migunsaryŏk Chŭnggang Pandae," Joongang Ilbo, 22 October 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; Agence France Presse, 21 October 2001, in "AFP: DPRK Vows To Increase Military Readiness Amid Stalled Inter-Korean Talks," FBIS Document ID KPP20011021000038; Yonhap News Agency, 22 October 2001, in "Radio Beijing Cites Nodong Sinmun Editorial Denouncing US Military Buildup in ROK," FBIS Document ID KPP20011022000011.
A spokesman for the North Korean Foreign Ministry criticizes President George Bush for comments "unbecoming for the president of a superpower." The criticism is in response to Bush's remarks about his suspicion of Kim Jong Il. The spokesman praises the thaw in US-North Korea relations at the end of the Clinton presidency, and says North Korea was prepared to abandon its missile program but that the Bush administration "attaches priority to the establishment of a missile defense system intended for world supremacy, and it felt a more urgent need to make an enemy called 'rogue state'." The spokesman repeated earlier statements calling the Bush administration to renew dialogue in June "a brigandish demand intended to unilaterally disarm the DPRK." The spokesman says that the Bush administration's policy toward North Korea has "cooled" relations between North and South Korea, and that it has made it impossible to implement agreements between the two Koreas. Furthermore, he says that the only "normal and rational" way to reopen dialogue between the United States and North Korea is to begin with a discussion of the "practical problems related to the implementation of the Agreed Framework and the Joint Communiqué between the US and North Korea."
—"Spokesman for DPRK Foreign Ministry Slams Bush's Remark," Korean Central News Agency, 23 October 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "Taet'ongnyŏngŭi Ch'emo'e Ŏŭlliji Anhnŭn Bush ŭi Kyŏngsolhan Ŏndong / Chosŏn'oemusŏngdaebyŏn'in," Korean Central News Agency, 23 October 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Kim Mee-sung, "North Condemns President Bush's Speech on N. K. Leader," Joongang Ilbo, 24 October 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Chŏng Yŏn Shik, "Puk, Bush Taet'ongnyŏng Kijahoegyŏn Pinan," Joongang Ilbo, 23 October 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; Kwŏn Kyŏng Bok, "Pukhanŭi Bush Pinanbaekyŏnggwa Chŏnmang," Yonhap News Agency, 23 October 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>.
General Thomas Schwartz, Commander of US Forces in Korea, says that US Forces in Korea have been strengthened since the 11 September terrorist attacks in the United States. Reports reveal that fighter aircraft have been deployed to South Korean air bases.
—Kim Ŭng Sŏp, "Terror Chŏnjaeng Chŏnboda Hanbando Chŏllyŏk Pokang," Kook Bang Ilbo, 25 October 2001, <http://kookbang.dapis.go.kr>; Yonhap News Agency, "Puk 'Mi Hangungnae Chŏnt'ugi Ch'ugabaech'I Taeŭng—Kun Kyŏnggyet'aese Tor'ip'," Segye Ilbo, 23 October 2001, p. 2, <http://www.segyetimes.co.kr>.
The Yonhap News Agency quotes a source in the South Korean Institute of Defense Analysis (KIDA) as saying the United States will probably try to restrict the flow of weapons to the Middle East in the aftermath of the 11 September terrorist attacks, and that it is very likely to affect North Korean arms sales to the region. According to a South Korean Ministry of National Defense official, North Korea has earned about $60 million a year in arms exports, which mostly consist of missile components, small arms, artillery, and ammunition.
—Kim Kwi Kŭn, "Puk, Taechungdong Mugisuch'ul Cheyakchŏnmang," Yonhap News Agency, 23 October 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>; "North's Armament Export in Middle East Not Likely," Joongang Ilbo, 23 October 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
Pyongyang Radio says that military capabilities must be increased to defend against imperialism. The broadcast says that it does not matter how large a country's land mass or population is, or how developed its economy and technology are, but that a country can be swallowed up by imperialists and become colonial slaves overnight if the military is weak.
—Chŏng Yŏn Shik, "Puk, 'Naraŭi Palchŏnŭn Kullyŏg'I Kich'o'dwaeya'," Joongang Ilbo, 23 October 2001, <http://www.joins.com>.
Korean Central Television in Pyongyang criticizes the United States for deploying a squadron of fighter aircraft in South Korea, saying the United States has the intention of crushing North Korea with military force. The broadcast also says, "The US is deploying aircraft to South Korea saying there is a danger because North Korea is a supporter of terrorism, but the thought occurs that the US could launch a preemptive strike against us."
—Chŏng Yŏn Shik, "Puk, Miŭi Pihaengdaedae Paech'i Pinan," Yonhap News Agency, 24 October 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr>.
An unnamed Bush administration official says that North Korea is trying to sell missiles to three or four countries in the Middle East. The official does not name the countries but says they are "concentrated in an area west of China to the Mediterranean Sea." According to reports, North Korea is said to have reached a deal with Egypt on the sale of Nodong missiles, but there is no confirmation.
—George Gedda, "North Korea Said to Be Trying to Sell Missiles in Mideast, Asia; Egypt May Have Agreed to Buy," Associated Press, 9 November 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; George Gedda, "North Korea Seeks Missile Sales-AP," Joongang Ilbo, 9 November 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Yonhap News Agency, "Pukhan, Asia.Chungdonggukka'e Missile P'anmae Shido," Joongang Ilbo, 9 November 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; Chu Yong Chung, "'Puk, Missile P'anmae Shido A-Chungdong 3~4 Kaeguk Taesang' AP T'ongshin Podo," Chosun Ilbo, 10 November 2001, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Mijŏngbu Kwalli 'Puk Missile Such'ul Shido'," Donga Ilbo, 10 November 2001, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.
Middle East Newsline reports that Bush administrations officials are split over North Korean missile export activities. In contrast to an unnamed official who was quoted on 8 November 2001 as having said North Korea is looking to export more missiles to the Middle East, the report says other officials have said North Korea has suspended missile shipments over the last two months. The report quotes Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz as saying, "North Korea has a record, and they seem to have gone quiet lately."
—"U.S. Divided Over N. Korean Missile Sales," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 430, 12 November 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
In a speech at the UN General Assembly, North Korean Ambassador to the UN Lee Hyŏng Ch'ŏl says that the United States must return to the position of the Clinton administration before North Korea will resume bilateral dialogue. Lee also says, "It is totally irrational to say the United States deploys huge armed forces around the Korean Peninsula and conducts large-scale military exercises against us to advance peace, whereas it is a 'threat to peace' that we take self-defense measures to cope with the US military threat." Furthermore, Lee says that any accusations of North Korea posing a "missile threat" are groundless.
—Kim Hee-sung, "N.K. Proposes Conditions for Dialogue with U.S.," Joongang Ilbo, 14 November 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 14 November 2001, in "ROK's Yonhap: N.K. Tells U.S. to Go Back to Clinton's Policy on Pyongyang," FBIS Document ID KPP20011114000061; Kang Chin Uk, "Puk, UN Ch'onghoesŏ Taemi Taehwa Chogŏn Cheshi," Yonhap News Agency, 16 November 2001, <http://www.yonhapnew.co.kr>.
In a Washington, D.C. press briefing with South Korean Defense Minister Kim Dong Shin, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld says, "It is beyond question or doubt but that North Korea has been actively developing an intercontinental ballistic capability. It's also beyond doubt but that they've been actively marketing those missile technologies to any number of countries around the globe. It's also clear they've been making efforts to develop weapons of mass destruction."
—Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld, presenter, "Joint Press Conference with Minister of National Defense Kim Dong-Shin of the Republic of Korea," U.S. Department of Defense News Transcript, 15 November 2001, <http://www.defenselink.mil>; George Gedda, Associated Press, "Rumsfeld Worried About NKorea Missiles – AP," Joongang Ilbo, 16 November 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
U.S. News & World Report reports that US intelligence estimates have "pushed back the timetable on North Korea's missile development over the past two years." The report claims that political pressure from Congress after the Paektusan-1 flight-test on 31 August 1998, which was only 47 days after the release of the Rumsfeld Report, resulted in published estimates that North Korea could develop long-range missiles capable of striking the United States by 2010. The article claims that a classified version of the recent National Intelligence Estimate has several footnotes disputing the assessment that North Korea will be able to develop long-range ballistic missiles so quickly, but that they were deleted from the unclassified version.
—Mark Mazzetti, Richard J. Newman, and Kevin Whitelaw, "Wishing Upon a Star," U.S. News & World Report, 19 November 2001, <http://www.usnews.com>.
In response to Defense Secretary Rumsfeld's remarks on 15 November 2001, the Korean Central News Agency carries a commentary saying Rumsfeld's remarks are provocative and that North Korea poses no threat. The commentary says that North Korea is faithfully implementing its "faithful promise to international society to freeze ballistic missile launches until 2003." The commentary also says that Rumsfeld's statement about a "threat from North Korean WMD development and missile technology proliferation is a clear challenge to us." [Note: The English version of this commentary was published on 26 November.]
—"Taejosŭnjŏktaeshich'aektongŭi Tosurŭl Nopiryŏnŭn T'ero, Missile Wihyŏp Palŏn/Chosŏnjungangt'ongshin Ronp'yŏng," Korean Central News Agency, 24 November 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "KCNA Slams Remark of U.S. Defense Secretary," Korean Central News Agency, 26 November 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>.
During an appearance at the White House rose garden, George W. Bush says, "I made it very clear to North Korea that in order for us to have relations with them, that we want to know: Are they developing weapons of mass destruction? And they ought to stop proliferating."
—Mike Allen, "Iraq's Weapons Could Make It a Target, Bush Says," Washington Post, 27 November 2001, p. A7; Han Ki-heung and Lee Jong-hoon, "Bush Demands 'Inspections over North Korea's Mass-Destructive Weapons," Donga Ilbo, 28 November 2001, <http://english.donga.com>; Lee Jong Hun and Han Ki Hŭng, "Salsangmugi Sach'al Padaya Bush, E Konggaeyogu," Donga Ilbo, 28 November 2001, <http://www.donga.com>.
A senior State Department official says the United States will ask Egypt to clarify recent reports that Egypt has concluded a deal to acquire Nodong missiles from North Korea. [Note: These comments are in response to a report from the Joongang Ilbo on 27 November.]
—"US Seeks to Clarify Reports that North Korea to Sell Missiles to Egypt," Agence France Presse, 26 November 2001, in defense-aerospace.com, <http://www.defense-aerospace.com>; "U.S. Out to Confirm Reports of Egypt's Missile Purchase," Joongang Ilbo, 27 November 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
The Joongang Ilbo quotes a "South Korean diplomatic source" as having said that North Korea secretly sold Nodong missiles to Egypt earlier this year. The report also quotes a fellow at the Korean Institute for Defense Analysis (KIDA) having said, "We believe the North Koreans agreed to sell as many as 24 Nodong missiles to the Egyptian military." The report adds that Egypt turned to North Korea after having tried for years to purchase missiles from the United States and European countries. According to Middle East Newsline, the United States has already stopped a deal for Egypt to buy 50 Nodongs from North Korea. [Note: This seems to corroborate a report from Ha'aretz on 15 July about the sale.]
—Choi Won-ki, "Missile Sales to Egypt Worry Israel," Joongang Ilbo, 27 November 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; "North Korea to Sell Missiles to Egypt: Report," Agence France Presse, 26 November 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Brent (Won-ki) Choi, "Missile Transactions between N.K. and Egypt – Full Version," Joongang Ilbo, 28 November 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; "Report: North Korea Sells Egypt 24 Medium-Range Missiles," World Tribune.com, 27 November 2001, <http://www.worldtribune.com>; "N. Korea Concludes No-Dong Accord with Egypt," Middle East Newsline, vol. 3, no. 453, 27 November 2001, <http://www.menewsline.com>.
A "congressional source" tells the Associated Press that the US Congress is investigating reports that North Korea is providing Egypt with "long-range" ballistic missiles. [Note: this is a reference to recent reports that North Korea is supplying Nodong missiles to Egypt.]
—Barry Schweid, "Congressional Hearing Called on Reports North Korea Providing Egypt with Long-Range Missiles," Associated Press, 27 November 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 28 November 2001, in "ROK's Yonhap: U.S. Congress to Investigate Reports of N.K.-Egypt Missile Trade," FBIS Document ID Kpp20011128000008; "Miguk'ŭihoe, Pukhan-Egypt Missile Kŏraesŏl Ch'ŏngmunhoe Yŏr'ŏ Chosa," Joongang Ilbo, 28 November 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; "U.S. Out to Confirm Reports of Egypt's Missile Purchase," Joongang Ilbo, 27 November 2001, <http://english.joins.com>.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak denies reports that Egypt has a secret deal to purchase 24 Nodong missiles from North Korea.
—MENA (Cairo), 28 November 2001, in "Egyptian President Denies Israeli Media Claims about North Korean Arms Deal," FBIS Document ID MP20011128000138; "Mubarak Denies Egypt Has Bought Weapons from North Korea," Agence France Presse, 28 November 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Brent (Won-ki) Choi, "Egypt Strongly Denies Report on Missile Transactions with N.K.," Joongang Ilbo, 29 November 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; Ch'oe Wŏn Ki, "Egypt, Pukhan Missile Kumae Podo Kangnyŏk Puin," Joongang Ilbo, 29 November 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; Al-Akhbar (Cairo), 30 November 2001, in "Egypt Denies Arms Deal with North Korea," FBIS Document ID GMP20011130000161.
Korean Central Television in Pyongyang says that the North Korean missile program and its conventional forces are matters of national sovereignty and the right to self-defense. The broadcast also says that North Korea will not reduce its conventional forces until US forces are withdrawn from South Korea.
—Ch'oe Sŏn Yŏng, "Puk, 'Chŏkdaejŏk Puk.Migwan'gye Chawijŏk Kukpangnyŏk Yoguhae'," Joongang Ilbo, 29 November 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; "N. Korea Slams Calls for Arms Inspections," CNN.com, 29 November 2001, <http://www.cnn.com>.
According to a South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade source, the United States offers to hold deputy minister-level talks with North Korea, but North Korea declines. The United States suggests that Jack Pritchard, special envoy for the four-party talks, and Kim Kye Gwan, North Korean deputy minister of Foreign Affairs, participate in the talks.
—Kim Jin, "Powell Voices Reservations on 'Sunshine' Policy results," Joongang Ilbo, 4 February 2002, <http://english.joins.com>.
A commentary in the Rodong Sinmun criticizes the United States for planning to deploy radars in South Korea as part of a proposed US missile defense system. The newspaper claims that the deployment is "aimed at mounting missile attacks against North Korea at any time." The commentary also says that the North Korean "missile program is one means to protect socialism and to smash the imperialists' policy of using military force to strangle North Korea."
—"U.S. Urged to Stop Hostile Moves Against DPRK," Korean Central News Agency, 1 December 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; "Namjosŏn'e Missile Yogyŏk Radar'rŭl Paech'iharyŏgo Hanŭn Migukŭl Kyut'an/Rodong Sinmun," Korean Central News Agency, 1 December 2001, <http://www.kcna.co.jp>; Shim Kyu Sŏk, "Puk, Mi'e 'Missile Kaebal Chajugwŏn' Kangjo," Joongang Ilbo, 1 December 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; Lee Jong-heon, "N. Korea Vows to Stick to Missile Program, United Press International, 1 December 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 1 December 2001, in "Possible Strong Attitude by DPRK Toward United States Viewed," FBIS Document ID Kpp20011201000042; "North Korea Hints at Continuing Missile Development," Agence France Presse, 1 December 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; Cho Chŏng Chin, "Pukhan, Missile Chaegaebal Kangnyŏkshisa," Segye Ilbo, 2 December 2001, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.
A joint Russian-North Korean military committee meets in Pyongyang. According to a South Korean military source, the participants are at the level of major general, and the meeting is held to discuss military cooperation between the two countries. The two sides reportedly discuss North Korea's acquisition of the Igla (SA-18) portable surface-to-air missile (SAM). Military exchanges between Russia and North Korea had been suspended since 1989.
—Ch'oe Wŏn Ki, "[Shinnampuk] Pukhan-Russia MIG-29 Pon'gyŏk Saengsan Mulmitcha'gŏp," Joongang Ilbo, 10 December 2001, <http://www.joins.com>.
In an interview with the BBC, South Korean Unification Minister Hong Sun Yŏng says, "Several North Korean hard-liners are trying to enfeeble or reverse the reconciliation process [with South Korea]." He also says that North Korean hard-liners are using South Korean enhanced security measures in the wake of the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 as a pretext to exert their influence. Hong says there is a "friction or tension between militarists and economists."
—"Leadership of North Is Seen in Struggle," Joongang Ilbo, 5 December 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; "North Korea Calls for Hight [sic] Security Alert," Agence France Presse, 5 December 2001, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>.
A South Korean "military source" says that North Korea is developing software for missile guidance systems. The source says that North Korea is "now developing software for controlling long-range missile trajectories, and for deciphering radio guidance signals." According to the source, North Korea used its own technology to develop the propellant and the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 satellite that was launched with the Paektusan-1 SLV on 31 August 1998. However, the launch failed to place the satellite into orbit. [Note 1: The above text is derived from a CNS translation of the original Korean sources because there are translation problems with the English reports. Articles in English report that "North Korea used its own guidance system in the 1998 Paektusan-1 launch," and that "North Korea is developing guidance software for controlling missile orbits." The problems are (1) there is no reference to North Korea using its own guidance system for the 1998 launch, and (2) the Korean word "궤도" is translated as "orbit" when it should be "trajectory" in this context. Note 2: If this report is true, it is strange that North Korea is now "developing software for radio guidance systems." The software for controlling a missile's flight path should be applicable to both inertial and radio guidance systems. Furthermore, radio guidance is less sophisticated than inertial guidance, and it is susceptible to counter-measures such as jamming. One explanation is that North Korea installed foreign-made guidance systems on its ballistic missiles until recently, but can no longer procure them.]
—"N. Korea Developing Software for Guidance System," Korea Times, 4 December 2001, <http://www.hankooki.com/times.htm>; Kim Kwi-kun, "DPRK Develops Guidance Control Software," Yonhap News Agency, 3 December 2001, in "Further on DPRK Developing Missile Guidance Control Software," FBIS Document ID KPP20011203000126; Kim Kwi Kŭn, "Puk, Missile Yudojeŏ Software Chach'e'gaebal," Joongang Ilbo, 4 December 2001, <http://www.joins.com>; Kim Hee-sung, "North to develop Software for Missile Guidance System," Joongang Ilbo, 4 December 2001, <http://english.joins.com>; David C. Isby, "North Korea Develops Taepo Dong 2 Guidance Software," Jane's Missiles and Rockets, February 2002, p. 7.
According to media reports, North Korea conducts the last of three or four Taepodong-2 engine tests this year at the Musudan-ri test facility. According to a South Korean military official, it will take North Korea some time to conduct a flight-test of the Taepodong-2.
—Kim Min Sŏk, "Pukhan, Changnyŏn Such'arye Missile Shilhŏm," Joongang Ilbo, 6 February 2002, <http://www.joins.com>; Park Tu Shik and Yu Yong Wŏn, "Mi, Puk Missile Kamshich'ejero," Chosun Ilbo, 6 February 2002, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "North Korea Working to Improve Missile's Range," Joongang Ilbo, 6 February 2002, <http://english.joins.com>; Joongang Ilbo, 7 February 2002, in "ROK DefMin Report: DPRK Conducts 'Numerous' Missile Tests in 'Past Few years'," FBIS Document ID KPP20020206000145; "Report: N. Korea Preparing New Long-Range Missile Test," World Tribune.com, 7 February 2002, <http://www.worldtribune.com>; Kyodo News Service, 6 February 2002, in "N. Korea Conducts Engine Tests for Long-Range Missile: Report," FBIS Document ID: JPP20020206000070.
The Jammu Daily Excelsior of India reports that Pakistan's AQ Khan Research Laboratories, which handle Pakistan's nuclear program, have used North Korean technology to develop a missile with a "capacity far beyond the Ghauri." [Note: There is the possibility that Pakistan could have exchanged nuclear technology for the North Korean missile technology.]
—B.L. Kak, "Terrorist Threat from North Korea; Pak Wants FBI to Confirm Jiadis' Involvement," Jammu Daily Excelsior, 26 December 2001, in "India: Daily Notes North Korea's Covert Support to Islamic Terrorists," FBIS Document ID SAP20011226000059. The US and South Korea have working-level discussions to develop a “roadmap” for a “package deal” to resolve North Korea’s ballistic missile and WMD programs. The roadmap is said to be a “step-by-step package deal involving strict reciprocity.”
—Park Doo-shik, “US Open to Talks with North Korea,” Chosun Ilbo, 8 February 2002, <http://english.chosun.com/>; Park Tu Shik, “Taebuk Kibonjŏngch’aek ‘Road Map’ Han’gug’e Chŏndal/Mi’e ‘Ŏmgyŏkhan Sanghojuŭi’ Chŏg’yong,” Chosun Ilbo, 7 February 2002, p. 3, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>.
